ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 649 



the migrants to seek the winter host and there give birth to the true sexes. 

 These are the tiny yellowish brown egg-laying females and the still smaller pale 

 yellow males. Both sexes are wingless and with rudimentary mouth parts 

 which are apparently functionless. . . . Such a cycle with the annual m1gi*a- 

 tion to and from the apple with the elm serving as host for the first three 

 spring generations is undoubtedly typical for laniyrni. The hibernating nymphs 

 which remain protected about the crown of the apple over winter and ascend 

 to tender places on the bark before feeding in the spring give what looks like 

 a 'closed cycle' of apterous viviparous females persisting on the apple. . . . 



"The case of the woolly aphid of the apple is still further complicated by 

 the root colonies which although hidden in their or>erations really are often 

 much more pernicious than the colonies on trunk and branches. These root 

 colonies ordinarily remain underground all the year round, apparently until 

 the roots become too badly demolished for feeding jmriioses." 



The economic status of this species and preventive and remedial measures 

 are discussed and structure and habitat keys given. 



Pseudococcus filamentosus in Dar es Salaam, Kranzlin {Pflan;:er, 9 {1913), 

 No. 10, pp. 49S-507, pis. 6). — This mealy bug, also referred to as Dactylopius 

 pernic-io.'^us (E. S. R., 24, p. 355), is the source of considerable injury in Dar eg 

 Salaam, German East Africa, to the valuable shade tree Pongamia glahra, 

 lebbek trees (Albi!:;::ia lebbelc), cotton, etc. 



A new Eriococcus, E. O. Essig {Jour. Ent. and Zool., 5 {1913), No. 4, pp. 119- 

 181, figs. 2). — A species collected at Nacon Chico, Sonora, Mexico, on a species 

 of Cinchona is described as Eriococcus cockerelli. 



Pernicious scale. — The present position, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. 

 Union So. Africa, 6 {1913), No. Jf, pp. 662-670). — A somewhat detailed account 

 is given of the present distribution of the San Jos6 scale In Transvaal, Orange 

 Free State, and Natal. 



Contribution to the study of sericulture in Indo-China, Bui-Quang-Chi£u 

 {Bui. Econ Indocliinc, n. ser., 16 {1913), Nos. 101, pp. 164-178; 102, pp. 376- 

 401). — This paper deals with the history of sericulture, geographical distribu- 

 tion of the industry, races of silkworms, manner of rearing, diseases, the silk 

 industry, and the mulberry in Indo-China. 



Recent studies of the corpuscles found in pebrine of the silkworm, G. 

 Mari (BoI. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital, 18 {1913), No. 3, pp. 86-92, fig. 1).—A review 

 of recent work relating to Nosema homhycis. 



The gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, with sugg'estions for their 

 control, A. F. Burgess {TJ. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 564 {1914), pp. 24, 

 figs. 10). — Brief popular accounts of these two pests, including their natural 

 enemies, are followed by more detailed accounts of the approved methods of 

 combating them. 



Codling moth studies in 1911. — The driving spray under excessively 

 wormy conditions, E. D. and W. M. Ball {Utah Sta. Bui. 129 {1913), pp. 

 265-300, figs. 2). — The authors' summary and conclusions drawn from the 

 studies here reported are as follows : 



" Western orchards, if unsprayed, would average from two to four or more 

 worms per apple except in years of exceptionally heavy crops; therefore, 

 methods and poisons must be able to meet successfully these conditions. The 

 great majority of the first brood worms and over one-half of the second brood 

 ones enter the calyx cups, therefore the most efficient spray will be the one 

 that destroys the greatest percentage of these worms. The second brood of 

 worms in Utah is ten or more times as large as the first ; therefore, each first 

 brood worm killed has saved ten worms in the second brood. 



