ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551 



of Phthorimwa operoulclla include Solanum torvum, S. verba set folium, ,V. caro- 

 Hncnse, 8. nigrum (?), eggplant, potato, tomato, Physalis peruviana, Physalis 

 sp., Physalodes physalodes. Datura strainoniuin, and tobacco. In 1908 it was 

 the cause of an injury to shade-grown tobacco in Dade County, Fla., to the 

 extent of $12,(XK) on SO acres. 



The larva occurs both as a borer and as a leaf miner, the former probably 

 being the original habit, examples of which have been observed in the fruit 

 of eggplants, in tomatoes, and in the stems of tobacco. In Sumatra this is the 

 more common form of injury to tobacco, the larva forming a gall in the stem, 

 and a similar habit of the larva has been observed in the Transvaal. 



Only the older tobacco leaves are affected unless the infestation is very 

 severe, and in these, the lower leaves, grayish, irregular blotches are pro- 

 duced, which later turn brown and become fragile, so that the tobacco is unfit 

 for wrappers. In Tennessee the splitworm requires from 25 to 30 days in 

 summer for completing its development from egg to adult. "Of this time 4 

 days are spent in the egg stage, 15 to 17 days in the larval stage, and 6 to 9 

 days in the pupal stage. The length of these stagey is considerably affected 

 by temperature. . . . Eggs are deposited singly upon the foliage of the host 

 plant. Moths begin to oviposit 2 or 3 days after emergence and continue ovi- 

 positing for several nights. The largest number of eggs obtained from a single 

 moth was 46, but this probably does not represent the maximum oviposition 

 under normal conditions. . . . The larva pupates in a slight but somewhat 

 tough cocoon of silk and debris among clods or rubbish at or near the surface of 

 the soil. . . . 



" Full-grown larvae have been received from Florida in late April, indicating 

 that oviposition may begin in that region as early as March. Larvae have not 

 been found at Clarksville, Tenn., earlier thap June 3, and moths have emerged 

 in numbers as late as the middle of November. It seems probable that at least 

 6 generations are produced in Florida and that about 3 or 4 are produced at 

 Clarksville, Tenn. Moths emerged in 5 cages at Clarksville November 14, 

 1913, and were still active December 15, upon which date about an equal num- 

 ber of cages still contained pupae. These records seem to indicate that the 

 winter is passed in both the pupal and adult stages. No larvae, so far as 

 known, have entered hibernation successfully." It is stated that about 25 per 

 cent of the full-grown larvae of a large shipment of splitworms that came from 

 North Carolina in August, 1913, were parasitized. 



Remedial measures consist of the destruction of the larvae in the mines by 

 pinching and the destruction of all trash in and around tobacco fields and to- 

 bacco barns by burning. In severe infestations it may be necessary to prime 

 off and destroy the leaves infested by the earlier generations. 



Coccobacillus parasites of insects, A. Paillot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. 

 [Pans], 157 (1913), No. 15, pp. 608-611).— The name Bacillus gortynw is 

 given to an organism isolated from caterpillars of Gortyna oehracea, an arti- 

 choke pest, during the course of an epidemic among them in the Department 

 of Var, France. Microscopic examination of the blood and tissues of cater- 

 pillars of Pyrameis (V&nessa) cardwi, which devour the leaves of artichokes, 

 showed the presence of 2 different coccobacilli to which the names B. pyrameis 

 I and B. pyramcis II are given. The author finds it difficult to determine 

 whether the coccobacilli are distinct or merely varieties of a single species. 

 He suggests that these may represent one or more saprophytic species, wide- 

 spread in nature, which are readily adaptable to a parasitic life. 



Culicoides kiefferi n. sp., a new Indian bloodsucking' midge, W. S. Patton 

 (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 1 {1913), No. 2. pp. 336-338, pi. i).— Cattle are 

 said to be the chief hosts of this hematophagous dipteran. 



