RU^AL ECONOMICS. 691 



The section on pumping, storage, and distribution includes a detailed descrip- 

 tion of the gravity, pneumatic tank, and autopneumatic systems of water sup- 

 ply, and a discussion of pumping and types of i)umps, including hydraulic rams, 

 with hints on installation and operation. 



The important points to be considered in the arrangement of a plumbing sys- 

 tem are stated as (1) durability of material and construction, and (2) sim- 

 plicity. A warning is given against the use of lead pipe or lead lined recep- 

 tacles for drinking water in private systems. 



The process of sewage disposal described is partly mechanijcal and partly 

 bacterial, consisting of (1) preliminary or septic tank treameut, and of (2) 

 application to a natural soil by surface or subsurface distribution or to a spe- 

 cially prepared filler. This section also discusses the design, location, and 

 construction of single and double chamber septic tanks and final disposal sys- 

 tems, including a grease trap and sewage diverting gate. 



'• The septic tank, although air-tight and supposedly water-tight, should be 

 located as far from the house and the well or spring as convenience and local 

 sun'ouudings will permit, thus reducing the danger of pollution or nuisance in 

 case of leakage or improper operation of the system. . . . Contrary to the 

 usual opinion, small sewage systems require some watching and care. It is 

 well to study the system and watch the action in the entire plant for any signs 

 of clogging or waterlogging." If the sewage is applied continuously to the dis- 

 posal system and in such quantities that the system is kept saturated, the filter 

 or disposal area is said to become waterlogged and "sewage sick" and ceases 

 to be effective. 



Tables of working data accompany the discussion. 



Stable ventilation and ventilation of rural dwelling's, W. Pinkemeyeb 

 {Landw. Ztschr. Rlteiiiproinnz, 14 (1913), No. 45, Suj)., pp. 8, figs. 8).— The 

 author discusses from the German viewpoint the location and construction of 

 rural dwellings and barns relative to protection from the weather and insects, 

 light and warmth, and proper ventilation. He states that dwellings should face 

 the south, horse barns the east, cattle barns the east or southeast, and hog 

 houses the south and southeast. He takes up roof construction in relation to 

 ventilation and prefers the reinforced concrete to the wooden roof. In addi- 

 tion he discusses the proper size and location of windows and ventilating 

 shafts. Different methods of construction are diagrammatically illustrated. 



[Paint tests], E. F. Ladd, W. F. Washburn, and G. F. Ekey (North Dakota 

 Sta. Rpt. 1912, pt. 3, pp. 292-295, 491-564, figs. 52).— Photographs are given 

 of fences painted in 1907 and 1908 with data on the number of knots in and 

 character of the fence lumber and analyses of paints used in 1911. Data of 

 house tests of paints are reported as are also results of in.spection of both 

 houses and fences in 1912. No conclusions as to the wearing qualities of the 

 paints are drawn. 



[Analyses of paints], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. 

 Spec. BuL, 2 (1913), No. 20, pp. 353-356 ).— This gives the results of examining 

 the vehicle and pigment used in making up 8 samples of paints. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Agriculture, 1909 and 1910.— V, General report and analysis (TMrteenth 

 Census U. S., 5 (1910), pp. 927, pis. 57, figs. 112).— Thin volume contains a gen- 

 eral report and analysis of all the data collected by the Thirteenth Census re- 

 garding agriculture by States and geographic divisions. The information 

 relates to population, farms, and farm property; number, acreage, and value 

 of farms classified by tenure, mortgage debt, color, and nativity of farmers; 

 number of live stock and of domestic animals sold or slaughtered; live stock 



