ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59 



figs. 7).— Following an introduction briefly reviewing the economic importance 

 of the Tipulidfe, detailed teclinical descriptions and illustrations are given of 

 the several stages of the smoky crane-fly, T. infuscata, which in March, 1908, was 

 reported as completely destroying Japan clover (Lespedeza striata) in Madison 

 County, Tenn. 



Life history notes are briefly presented. A female that emerged October 13 

 commenced ovipositing 7 days later. The average number of eggs laid by this 

 species, as determined by confining recently fertilized females in separate 

 rearing cages and by dissecting the abdomens of females that had just emerged, 

 was approximately 300. It is stated that a specimen of T. angustipennis, 

 which the author collected at Pullman, Wash., contained 602 eggs and that a 

 confined specimen of an undetermined species of this genus from Kansas laid 

 417 eggs. It is thought that the eggs hatch in from 1 to 3 weeks. 



The larvse feed upon the roots of various plants, seeming to prefer the 

 LeguminosiB, and, contrary to statements in most published accounts of the 

 habits of these larvae, they not only suck the juicesof the roots but also devour 

 the plant tissue itself. "They feed during the early fall and hibernate as 

 half-grown larvfe, resuming activities in the spring. . . . They become full 

 grown about the middle of July, form perpendicular cells about 3 or 4 in. 

 underground, and remain inactive until about the middle of September, when 

 they pupate. The pupal stage lasts from a week to 10 days. The pupa then, 

 by means of the abdominal spines, works its way to the surface, from which 

 it protrudes about two-thirds of its entire length." 



A small tachinid, Admintia pergandci, was reared in October from the larv;^. 

 Several predaceous insects and a large number of birds which feed upon Tipu- 

 lidse are listed. Remedial measures which have been recommended include 

 sprinkling the ground with salt, herding sheep and hogs in infested fields, and 

 rolling the ground with a heavy roller. " Probably the best method of treating 

 an infested field is to plow the sod under in the early fall and either to run the 

 field into corn, potatoes, and such crops, or to leave it fallow the ensuing sum- 

 mer. Pastures and hay fields in localities where this species is known to be 

 abundant should be grazed off: by the middle of September and kept so until 

 late in November, as the adult flies usually congregate in rank growths of 

 grass, clover, weeds, etc., and there lay their eggs." 



Combating the olive fly (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910), 

 No. 1, pp. l-'t-21). — This is a report of the experiments conducted during 1909. 



Fruit flies, T. W. Kirk (New Zeal. Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Bu.1. 22, pp. 18, figs. 

 2). — The Queensland fruit-fly (Tcphrites tryonii), the west Australian fruit- 

 fly (Halterophora capitata), and Ceratitis eapitata are species here considered. 



[Preliminary reports on flies as carriers of infection] (Rpts. Local Govt. 

 Bd. [Ot. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Suhjs., n. ser., 1909, No. 5, pp. 8, pi. 1).— 

 Notes are presented by E. E. Austen on the examination of batches of flies 

 received from various centers of London during the summer and autumn of 

 1908 and a report by J. P. Jepson on the breeding of the house fly during the 

 winter months. 



[Further preliminary reports on flies which carry infection] (Ri)ts. Local 

 Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.],Puh. Health and Med. Suhjs., n. scr., 1909, No. 16, pp. ///).— 

 Four papers are here jiresented; Memorandum of Investigation into Possible 

 Carriage of Infection by Flies and a Suggested Plan of Campaign in Urban 

 Districts, by S. M. Copeman (pp. 1^) ; Notes on Experiments in Coloring 

 Flies for Purposes of Identification, by F. P. Jepson (pp. 4-9) ; Preliminary 

 Note on Examination of Flies for the Presence of Colon Bacilli, by G. S. 

 Graham-Smith (pp. 9-13) ; and The Part Played by Musca domestica and 



