ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 257 



larva left the fruit. Some of the larvfe do not pupate at this time but winter, 

 and the moths emerge the following spring, together with moths from second- 

 brood larva?. The pupal stage— called the first-brood pupae, though the second 

 set of pupsB of the season— lasts on an average 12 days. The emergence period 

 of this second set of moths, called first-brood moths, begins in early August and 

 lasts about 1 month. With the appearance of new eggs, resulting from the 

 first-brood moths, the life-cycle of the first generation is completed, covering 

 on an average 58 days. The second-brood eggs hatch generally within 9 days 

 and the resulting larvaj feed about 40 days, after which they enter hibernation, 

 making cocoons beneath the rough bark on the trunk of the trees. The life- 

 cycle of the second generation and part of the first generation is first completed 

 with the transformation of the insect the following spring. . . . 



"The relative number of transforming larv* of the first brood is variable 

 under different seasonal conditions. The relative abundance of second-brood 

 larvae depends more upon seasonal conditions and food supply than upon the 

 number of transforming larvae of the first brood. Larvte of the second brood 

 are always present in injurious numbers, so that measures should be taken to 

 combat the second as well as the first brood. 



"The time of the emergence of the spring brood of the moths is variable 

 under different seasonal conditions and depends largely upon the relative late- 

 ness of the spring. The time of emergence of the summer brood or first brood 

 of moths is fairly constant and generally commences about the 1st of August. 



" In the control of the codling moth with poison sprays three applications 

 should be made in this section of the country. The first application should be 

 made after the blossom period just after the petals drop, the second application 

 8 to 10 days later, and the third application about the 1st of August." 



Codling- moth in the Hudson Valley, E. P. Felt {Country Gent., 15 {1910), 

 No. 3020, p. 117 Jf, fig. 1). — A brief report is given of spraying experiments in 

 two orchards, one located at Arlington and the other at Washingtonville, N. Y. 

 The data secured in 1910 show that it is possible in the Hudson Valley, with 

 but one spraying, to obtain over 90 per cent of sound fruit in a year when the 

 codling moth is very abundant, even on trees yielding only from 300 to 500 

 apples. An examination of woi'my fruit showed that from 50 to 60 per cent 

 of the larvse had enteretl at points injured on May 30 by hail. " Caccecia 

 larvae were rather numerous in one orchard, and their operations were frequently 

 followed by codling moth larvae entering at such places. Badly rusted, rough 

 spots on the fruit were also favorite points of attack. Comparative freedom 

 from codling moth injury was observable in orchards where pigs or sheep had 

 been allowed to run, this being especially true if the animals had been pastured 

 in the orchards for several years, even in those where there was no spraying." 

 A comparison made of Bordeaux mixture and lime sulphur wash showed a 

 striking contrast in favor of the latter as a fungicide. 



Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology. — 

 IX, The pecan cigar case-bearer, H. M. Russell (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 

 Bui. 6Jf, pt. 10, pp. 79-86, pis. 3, figs. 2).— Studies of Coleophora canjwfoUeJIa, 

 made at Orlando, Fla., during the spring of 1909 are presented. 



While this pest of the pecan is one of minor importance, at times it occurs 

 in sufficiently large numbers to defoliate entire trees. The species was first 

 described in 1861 from larvsg found feeding in their cases on leaves of hickory 

 during the fall. Records of capture and injury indicate that it is distributed 

 throughout the Austroriparian faunal area of the United States and may also 

 extend into the Carolinian and into the lower edge of the Alleghanian area. 

 It feeds principally on nut-bearing trees, having been observed upon walnut, 



