EUBAL ECONOMICS, 291 



by Great Britain. The actual yield of wheat in 1909 was 147,500,000 bushels. 

 On this basis " the immense natural resources of the rich soil of Manitoba and 

 of portions of Saskatchewan and Alberta are not even yet being fully exploited. 

 Very considerable improvements in agricultural methods must yet take place if 

 these resources are to be fully utilized." The cost of wheat production was, 

 on new land, 57 cents per bushel; on old land, 3G cents. This makes the mar- 

 gin of profit for the farmer exceedingly small and possibly accounts for the 

 gradual reduction in the acreage of wheat during the period under investigation. 



Other information in this article relates to the meteorology of the region, 

 population, immigration, depletion of public lands, the government policy as to 

 the distribution of immigrants, collection of agricultural statistics, agricultural 

 production and progress, irrigation, dry-land farming, land values, and railway 

 development. The number of immigrants from the United States for the j'ears 

 1901-8 was 333..'j61. 



The developm.ent of wheat culture in North America, A. P. Brigham {Rpt. 

 Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 230-2Ji6). — This paper discusses the develop- 

 ment of wheat culture in the United States and Canada from the earliest settle- 

 ment of the country to 1908. 



Statistical data are presented and discussed on the acreage and yields of 

 wheat ; the successive positions of the wheat center and its future location ; 

 the development of the industry by the introduction, culture, and breeding of 

 varieties; the effects of wealth production, manufacture, and transportation on 

 wheat culture ; the future of the United States and Canada in the world's 

 wheat markets; and the means emploj^ed for increasing the output of wheat 

 to meet the demands of increasing population. The place that the United 

 States and Canada take among the world's great wheat-producing countries is 

 regarded as supreme for many generations, because " it is North America which 

 has the land, the progressive appliances, the skilled energy of production, and 

 the facilities of transportation to supply the bread market of coming decades. 

 [But] no citizen of the great Republic need harbour a jealous thought if in that 

 market the major place should come to his northern neighbor." 



Small proprietary holdings, F. Bernard {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. MonipcUicr, 

 n. scr., 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 105-129). — This article reviews the causes which 

 have been in operation in various countries of Europe, in the United States, 

 and in Canada, tending to form an independent class of small agricultural 

 proprietors, and discusses in detail the more recent legislation which has been 

 promulgated for the conservation, encouragement, and protection of the peasant 

 class, particularly in France and other European countries. 



While recognizing many defects in recent legislation which the future is ex- 

 pected to correct, it is believed that the policy of the French government in 

 rendering unseizable for debt the propei'ty of small holders, who depend upon 

 their holdings wholly or partly for a livelihood, is in the right direction for 

 the maintenance of the peasant class in economic independence, for the social 

 welfare of their families, and for the best interests of their posterity. 



Farm manag'ement. J. H. Haynes (Tnd. Farmer, 65 {1910), No. 36, p. 1). — 

 The economic losses which occur on farms as a result of bad management are 

 outlined in this article. Among the sources of loss mentioned are failure to 

 make the best use of land, to employ intelligent help, to keep laborers con- 

 stantly employed, to utilize farm waste products to the best advantage, to pro- 

 vide proper storing places for implements and products, to maintain a fruit and 

 vegetable garden for home consumption, and to be in ignorance of the buying 

 and selling prices of farm conmiodities. 



Making' good farmers out of poor ones, Rosa P. Chiles {A)ncr. Rev. of 

 Revieivs, Jt2 {1910), No. 5, pp. 563-512, figs. 73).— This is an account of the 



