262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. — Tests of sprays against 

 the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale, P. R. Jones ( U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., Bur. Eiit. Bui. SO, pt. 8, pp. 147-160, pis. 2). — This investigation was 

 commenced in 190S and carried on at the San Jose, Cal., laboratory. It is said 

 that at the present time the European fruit Lecanium, L. corni (armeniacum) , 

 and the European pear scale, Epidiaspis pyricola, more commonly known in 

 California as the Italian pear scale, are the most important pests with which 

 orchardists in the Santa Clara Valley have to deal, the former species being 

 especially abundant. Details of the investigation are presented. 



Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and with- 

 out caustic soda, and crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength are effective 

 in controlling both of these scales and in cleaning up the trees from lichens and 

 do not injure the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Resin-soda wash 

 gives similar results with the European fruit Lecanium, and distillate oil at 6 

 per cent strength (mechanical mixture) with the European pear scale. Caustic- 

 soda and creosote-oil emulsion sprays control both of these scales and destroy 

 the lichens, but are injurious to the tree. Lime-sulphur and borax sprays are 

 not so efficient in controlling these scales, especially the European fruit Leca- 

 nium, as are the distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions, and borax acts on the 

 trees in the same way as does caustic soda. 



" Distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions appear to have distinct fungicidal 

 properties aside from their insecticidal value. 



" Distillate-oil emulsions at 6 per cent strength and crude-oil emulsion at 12 

 per cent strength, measured by their efficiency against scales and lichens, con- 

 venience of preparation and application, and cost, are the sprays best adapted 

 for the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale. The 6 per cent 

 distillate-oil emulsion will cost about 21 cts. for each prune tree and 3 J cts. for 

 each apricot tree. The 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion will cost about 2 cts. for 

 each prune tree and 2i cts. for each apricot tree. 



"All sprays, to insure the best results, should be applied with a power outfit 

 at a high pressure (180 to 200 lbs.). A coarse, drenching spray applied with 

 crook nozzles is preferable, and February is the best month in which to spray." 



FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. 



[Durum wheat flour and other food topics], E. F. Ladd and Emily E. May 

 {T<!orth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 24, pp. 179-194, fiff- i).— The exposing of fruit 

 for sale without proper i)rotection. adulterated linseed oil. cold storage of 

 foods, and other topics are discussed, and analyses of whiskies are reported 

 together with the results of the examination of miscellaneous food samples. 



In connection with a discussion of durum flour, the results are given of a 

 test made by L. M. Thomas of the effects upon the character of the bread of 

 blending a definite percentage of durum wheat flour with hard spring wheat 

 flour. The experiments are regarded as preliminary and too limited for gen- 

 eral deductions. " yet it is safe to say that a considerable admixture of durum 

 wheat flour to high-grade hard spring wheat flour will not seriously impair 

 its quality," when judged by the volume of the loaf, the color, and other factors 

 usually considered. 



The cost of milling of hard spring wheat and durum wheat was also studied 

 with a view to securing comparative data regarding the two sorts of flour. 

 The average horsepower required per hour for grinding the durum wheat was 

 22.01 in comparison with 19.42 for hard red spring wheat. " To produce 100 

 bbls. of flour of durum and hard spring wheats, 53.13 per cent of the total horse- 



