RURAL ECONOMICS. 395 



the government bureau of statistics, gives detailed information, with statistics 

 to the close of 1909, on the origin, development, business, and membership of the 

 various agricultural cooperative societies in Denmarlj. The statistical data are 

 in more detail than in the pamphlet noted above. On January 1, 1910, the num- 

 ber of cooperative societies, not including those for the exportation of cattle and 

 eggs, was 3,610, with about 390,000 members. 



State assistance to agriculture in Denmark (Irish Homestead, 17 {1910), 

 No. 44, pp. 900-902). — This article presents statistics and gives the methods 

 adopted by the Danish Government for encouraging the different lines of the 

 agricultural industry. The budget for 1910 carried the sum of nearly $1,366,700 

 for these purposes. The different societies receiving aid, the annual amounts, 

 and methods of securing the funds are described. 



Associations for the manufacture of products in Italy, V. Magaldi {Bol. 

 Quind. Soc. Agr. Hal., 15 (1910), Nos. 19, pp. 81S-S22; 22, pp. 914-920).— Arti- 

 cles similar in scope to that by Ferroni previously noted (E. S, R., 23. p, 594) 

 are here presented. 



The principles of agricultural reform, G. F. de la Rosa (Bol. Agr. T^c. y 

 Econ., 2 {1910), Nos. 16, pp. 4OI-414; 11, pp. 515-523).— This article sets forth 

 the changes that should be inaugurated in order to rehabilitate the agricultural 

 Industry in Spain. 



In the author's opinion the more liberal and scientific use of farm manures 

 and chemical fertilizers, better systems of farm management including crop 

 rotation and systemntic fallowing, the establishment and extension of a sound 

 system of agricultural credit, a scientific method of securing agricultural sta- 

 tistics, and the development of a system of practical agricultural education 

 are the foundations for establishing agriculture in Spain on a sounder economic 

 basis. In this respect it is pointed out that agricultural reform in Spain 

 must take into consideration the physiographica! features, the different prod- 

 ucts grown, and the characteristics of the people in the various provinces. 



Our rural districts depopulated, our cities overpopulated : The facts, 

 causes and remedies, C. Didieb {Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. Belg., 57 {1910), Nos. 8, 

 pp. 214-222; 9-10, pp. 225-2S8). — This article discusses in detail the statistics 

 relating to the changes in the agricultural and industrial population of Bel- 

 gium from 1846 to 1909, with a view to ascertaining the real causes that have 

 brought about these social conditions and suggesting remedies for the solution 

 of the problem. 



In the author's opinion the depopulation of rural districts in Belgium has 

 run parallel with the disappearance of small proprietary holdings. This has 

 been due to a poor social organization, a combination of unfavorable laws, and 

 to numerous national extravagances which have resulted in ruining the small 

 proprietors who constitute the main strength of a country. The remedy for 

 the problem is simply to reestablish small proprietary holdings on a sound 

 economic basis and to abolish by law every form of special privilege. 



The bibliography relating to the solution of the agrarian problem in various 

 countries is indicated by quotations from numerous economists and sociologists 

 who have discussed the subject. 



Small holdings and agricultural credit societies {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 

 17 {1910), No. 6, pp. 485-488). — The number of agricultural credit societies, 

 credit banks, land societies, small holdings and allotments societies, ordinary 

 and agricultural cooperative societies, societies for the promotion of agriculture, 

 arboriculture, and horticulture, and cattle-insurance societies registered in Eng- 

 land and Wales is reported, and their organization and objects briefly discussed. 



[Agricultviral conditions in Bavaria], Ehrenbachee {Diplo. and Cons. Rpts. 

 [London], Ann. Ser., 1910, No, 4565, pp, 6, 7, 43, 44), — Notes are given on the 



