ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 453 



humid spell produces fresh infectious. It was fouud that much of the infec- 

 tion occurred through punctures made by the pecan plant louse along the veins 

 of the leaves, but the fungus was also able to enter the leaves directly. The 

 fungus is assisted in its germination and growth by the honeydew secreted by 

 these aphids. 



Spraying with Bordeaux mixture controlled the scab thoroughly, also lime- 

 sulphur solution, which killed the aphids, but the best remedy is the cultivation 

 of scab-resistant varieties of pecans which have originated in Louisiana or 

 other humid regions, of which there are many fine varieties. 



Rhizina undulata, F. T. Brooks (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 4 (1910), No. 4, 

 pp. 308, 309). — Attention is called to the destructive nature of this fungus to 

 young coniferous plantations, as evidenced by its ravages in a mixed plantation 

 of beech, ash, and conifers located on larch laud where the old larch stumps 

 were left to decay in situ. Only the conifers were attacked, and their infec- 

 tion was caused by the mycelium of the fungus spreading underground from 

 the decaying roots of the old stumps to the roots of the healthy trees. 



Injuries to pines from late frosts, Dengler (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., Ii2 

 (1910), No. 11, pp. 670-67-'/, pi. 1). — Attention is called to a disease of pine 

 needles, in which yellowish areas appear in the middle of the leaves while the 

 base and tip remain green. The needles on the ends of the terminal and more 

 exposed young developing shoots are the most frequently diseased, especially 

 on 3 to 8 year old trees. These discolored needles show no evidences of para- 

 sitic attacks, and the author claims that the disease is caused by late frosts in 

 May and June. 



Witches' broom on spruce and larch, K. von Tubexjf (Naturw. Ztschr, 

 Forst. u. Landic, 8 (1910), No. 7, pp. 3.'i9-351; rev. in Quart. Jour. Forestry, 

 4 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 309, 310, pi. i).— In _ 1907 the author planted spruce seed 

 obtained from a witches' broom which bore cones. The majority of the seed- 

 lings thus obtained, which are now in their fourth year, appear to be nonnal, 

 but a few are densely bushy, being in fact witches' brooms. 



From this fact the author suggests that the witches' brooms are due to in- 

 heritance, being in reality a de Vries mutation which is transmitted from parent 

 to offspring, not only in the spruce, but probably also in the pine and larch, 

 which often bear witches' brooms. 



The spruce scab (Lophodermium macrosporum), E. Mer (Rev. G^n. Bot., 

 22 (1910), No. 260, pp. 297-336; Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 (1910), No. 6, 

 pp. 541-553). — A detailed description and general discussion of the two forms 

 of this disease are given, including the range, characteristics, time of fruiting, 

 methods of dissemination, and duration of the life cycle of each form. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Raising- deer and other large game animals in the United States, D. E. 

 Lantz (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Bui. 36, pp. 62, pis. 8).— This bulle- 

 tin calls attention to the importance of raising elk and deer for venison, indi- 

 cates the particular species most readily reared in preserves, and emphasizes 

 the importance of so modifying state game laws as to encourage the use of 

 private effort and capital in making a marketable commodity of venison. 

 Several States have changed their game laws in the interest of this industry 

 since the publication on deer farming previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 349) was 

 issued. The author deals with the subject under the main headings of impor- 

 tance of domesticating mammals, selection of species for rearing experiments, 

 the wapiti or Rocky Mountain elk, the whitetail or Virginia deer, and game 

 propagation and game laws. 



