ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 561 



Recent experiments with the codling moth, E. P. Felt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 

 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. .'f74--'P'7). — A detailed account of the experimeuts previ- 

 ously uoted from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 257). 



Spraying for the codling moth, A. L. Melandee {Washington 8ta. Popular 

 Bui. 30, pp. 4, flffs. 3). — This publication replaces Popular Bulletin 17 previously 

 noted (B. S. R., 22, p. 461). 



Medullary spots: A contribution to the life history of some cambium 

 miners, J. G. Grossenbacher {Netc York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 15, pp. 49-65, 

 pis. 5). — In the course of life-history studies of a fimgus that causes a blight 

 of currants {Ribes vulgare), dark-brown streaks were commonly observed in 

 living young canes during late summer. Streaks or mines of the same type 

 were also found in the European black currant {R. nigrmn) and the European 

 gooseberry {R. grossularia). During the summer of 1910 insect larvse were 

 obtained from Ribes, which proved to be caterpillars of tbe tineid moth, Opos- 

 iega notistrigella. Larvae obtained from the cambium of various trees in which 

 they mine were found to differ from the Ribes miners. The autbor briefly 

 reviews the German botanical literature relating to a similar injury to trees, 

 the specific cause of which has not been definitely determined. 



The author's investigations began in the late summer of 1907, at which time 

 large numbers of rank growing currant shoots in some regions of the Hudson 

 River Valley had their distal portions defoliated while other leaves were still 

 green. Many such shoots were found to have pairs of more or less parallel 

 dark streaks in the outer wood, extending lengthwise tbe canes from 7 to 

 IS cm. and which on removal of the bark and outer wood were found to form 

 one continuous line wbich had well-rounded turns at both its distal and 

 proximal ends. During 1908 and 1909 it was found that in some places as 

 high as from 10 to 60 per cent of the currant canes contained one or more of 

 the mines; older, diseased, or blighted plantations and others adjoining them 

 had a much higher percentage of their canes mined than plantations which 

 were young and scattered. 



The investigations were continued but none of the miners were discovered 

 until May, 1910, when it was comparatively easy to find from 1 to 5 larvte in at 

 least 50 per cent of tbe shoots in a plantation near Milton, N. Y. "A few days 

 later great numbers were found in a large and rather crowded plantation of 

 R. vulgare, R. nigrum, and R. grossularia planted among fruit trees in Roches- 

 ter. By making cross-sections of 2 to 5 year old canes it became evident that they 

 all had been mined more or less each season, as the presence of a pair of dark 

 spots in the different annual wood-rings indicated. Many of the large R. nigrum 

 bushes had the larvse present in 85 to 95 per cent of their canes, while R. vulgare 

 and R. grossularia in about 40 to 65 per cent. But in some parts of the planta- 

 tion R. nigrum seemed to be entirely free from cambium miners, and the other 

 species bad but very few." 



The author's studies indicate that the eggs are laid in or on the bark of 

 Ribes from about the last week of April to nearly the middle of May and that 

 the larvse mine in the cambial cylinder about 4 to 6 weeks, while the pupal 

 stage is passed in the ground and seems to last about 2 to 3 weeks, ending by 

 July 10. The evidence indicates that the adults which emerge during June and 

 July live through the winter although it is possible that some pupse hibernate in 

 the ground and emerge the following spring. However, as only empty cocoons 

 were found in the ground during August, the author suggests the possibility of 

 there being a second brood which feeds in the cambial cylinder of some species 

 of plants that continue their cambial activity during late summer. The mines 

 have been found to occur in the wood of both old and young Ribes canes, any- 

 where from tbe tip to the ground. lu R, nigrum they are most common in 



