FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 669 



nated about equally by radiation, by couductivity, and by perspiration. In the 

 case of the proteid diet, the blood distribution in the epidermis was not ade- 

 quate for the purpose of heat elimination and practically all the heat was re- 

 moved by the evaporation of water. The conditions of heat elimination are 

 still more unfavorable when work is performed, since the heat metabolism is 

 correspondingly greater. This explains why proteid diet has a tendency to 

 diminish the production of muscular work when the surrounding temperature 

 is high, as, for instance, in the Tropics. 



Gaseous excliang'e in metabolism when walking on a level, A. Durig 

 (Denkschr. Math. Naturiv. Kl. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], 86 (1909), tip. 2.'t2- 

 291). — The author reports and discusses the results of extended investigations 

 in which the respiratory quotient and other factors were determined in exper- 

 iments at low and high altitudes. 



The results obtained are summarized in the table which follows: 



Results of experiments on energy expenditure in walking on a level. 



Energy expenditure 

 per kilogram per 

 meter. 



Ordinary 

 altitude. 



High 

 altitude. 



Subject D . 

 Subject K . 

 Subject R . 



Small 

 calories. 

 0.674 



.537 

 .548 



Small 

 calories. 

 0.592 

 .638 

 .600 



According to his general conclusions, in the majority of cases which have 

 been reported an expenditure of from 0.5 to 0.6 small calorie, or on an average 

 0.55 small calorie, has been noted per kilogram of body weight and per meter 

 of distance covered in walking on a level. Assuming ;in efficiency of 0.30, the 

 expenditure for walking on a level would be from 0.07 to O.OS kgm. per kilo- 

 gram of body weight and pei* meter of distance covered. 



The energy expenditure for walking on a level was greater at a high altitude 

 (Monte Eosa) than at Vienna. The author thinks it probable that the high 

 altitude exercised a specific effect. The experiments reported are discussed at 

 length with reference to the effects of training and other factors. 



Gaseous exchange in metabolism when walking up an incline, A. Durig 

 (Denkschr. Math. Naturiv. Kl. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], 86 (1909), pp. 294- 

 3'i7). — Extended investigations are reported and discussed, the principal factor 

 studied being the respiratory quotient. The incline varied in experiments 

 with one subject from 15.5 to 21.6° and with the other subjects from 15.5 to 

 16.4°. The experiments constitute part of a series of investigations undertaken 

 at high altitude (Monte Rosa) and the results are compared with those ob- 

 tained at low altitude (Vienna). 



As shown by the results obtained with 4 persons who took part in the experi- 

 ments, the energy expenditure for continuous walking up an incline was found 

 to be 7.5 small calories per kilogrammeter of the work of climbing and the 

 calculated efficiency 31 per cent. The results of the individual tests show that 

 the energy expended in walking up a given incline was greater at a high than 

 at a low altitude. Other problems are discussed, such as the effect of training 

 on energy expenditure and the differences observed when results obtained with 

 the treadmill are compared with those of experiments made under normal 

 conditions. 



