ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653 



species of Taphrina (T. icettsteiniana) whicli produces brown, turgid excres- 

 cences on the leaves of the holly fern in North Tyrol. 



The fungicidal properties of liver of sulphur, F. W. Foreman (Jour. Agr. 

 Sci., 3 (1910), No. J,, pp. J,00-.!il6).— The results are given of experiments on 

 the constituents of liver of sulphur and their fungicidal value. 



It was found that the commercial preparations sold as liver of sulphur do 

 not represent a standard product, but vary in solubility, alkalinity, and con- 

 tent of potash. Liver of sulphur contains various oxidation products in addi- 

 tion to free sulphur, sulph-hydrates, sulphid, and polysulphids of either po- 

 tassium or sodium. Weak solutions of the oxidation products and the other 

 compounds present, except the free alkali soda and to a less extent potassium 

 hydroxid, showed practically no fungicidal properties when tested on the spores 

 of Botrytis cinerca. 



The conclusion is therefore drawn that the principal fungicide iu liver of 

 sulphur is the free alkali present. 



A chapter on lime-sulphur sprays (Proc. Anier. Pomol. Soc, 1909, pp. 112- 

 137). — At the thirty-first session of the American Fomological Society held 

 at St. Catharines, Canada, in September, 1909, E. Wallace presented a paper 

 on the value of lime-sulphur solutions as fungicides, and W. M. Scott a paper 

 on self-boiled lime sulphur as a remedy for brown rot and scab of the peach. 

 The substance of both papers has been previously noted from other sources 

 (B. S. R., 21, pp. 149, 244; 22, p. G50 ; 2.3, p. 150). 



In a general discussion of the subject it was claimed that in field experi- 

 ments a combination of arsenate of lead and lime sulphur gave worm-free and 

 scab-free fruit with no appreciable injury to fruit or foliage. In the discussion 

 of the effects of carbonic acid on lime sulphur, L. A. Goodman, of Kansas 

 City, Mo., gave the results obtained on 2,200 acres of orchard during 1909 

 by the use of the Niagara gas sprayers and the Niagara lime-sulphur solutions. 

 It was used on peach and apple trees when in full leaf and proved a successful, 

 safe, cheap, and efficient spray in spite of the fact that the carbon dioxid 

 precipitated the sulphur. 



Lime-sulphur sprays, J. Barsacq (Rev. Tit., 3/f (1910), No. 885, pp. 601- 

 608).— A history is given of lime-sulphur mixtures as a fungicide, from their 

 first known use iu the United States by Kenrick in 1833 as a remedy for grape 

 mildew to their present use by Scott and others (E. S. R., 21, pp. 149, 244) 

 as a successful spray for the brown rot of the peach and other orchard diseases. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Annual report of the g-overnor of Alaska on the Alaska game law, 1910, 

 W. E. Clark (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 7~, pj). 8). — The experi- 

 ence of the year served to point out several defects in the Alaska game law, 

 attention being called particularly to the failure to provide any open season 

 for game birds north of latitude G2°. The snowfall in southeastern Alaska 

 in the winter of 1909-10 was so phenomenally heavy that it is estimated by 

 some that from SO to 90 per cent of the deer died from starvation. Details are 

 given in regard to the hunting and shipping licenses issued and of game and 

 game trophies shipped from the Territory. Lists of the game wardens in Alaska 

 and of the licensed guides in the Keuai Peninsula are appended. 



The orders of mammals, W. K. Gregory (Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 21 

 (1910), pp. V-{-52Ji, figs. 52).— Fart 1 of this work takes up Typical Stages 

 in the History of the Ordinal Classification of Mammals, and part 2, Genetic 

 Relations of the Mammalian Orders, with a Discussion of the Origin of the 

 Mammalia and of the Froblem of the Auditory Ossicles. 



