ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 657 



rather rare. G. taurina was not obtained until July 20, at which time all 

 species were abundant. ... In general, adults of the species mentioned may 

 be found over a i^eriod beginning about the middle of July and ending with 

 the first heavy frost. . . . Specimens of 8. inermis, which transformed to adults 

 in the laboratory June 30, commenced to lay eggs on July 20. Under natural 

 conditions the earliest oviposition was noticed on August 1, but the egg scars 

 were not abundant until a few days later. . . . During 1908 no eggs of Chorealis 

 or C. taurina were found until August 24. Adults of 8. inermis reared in the 

 laboratory usually made 2 egg scars in one evening. Occasionally 4 slits in the 

 bark for the reception of the eggs were cut in 1 day. One individual made 59 

 scars during July and August in which 2-52 eggs were deposited. Another 

 female inserted 212 eggs in 39 wounds during the same period. . . . Hatching 

 takes place about April 20, according to the season, and nymphs of the first 

 stages may be found in goodly numbers on apple and pear trees until May 24. 

 . . . The number of days from hatching to maturity of 20 nymphs of C taurina 

 in the breeding cages was 47 days. The first and second instars averaged 8 

 and 7 days respectively; the third instar 7 days; the fourth instar 9 days; the 

 fifth instar or pupal stage lasted 16 days. These records correspond very well 

 with those of the nymphs growing under natural conditions, which averaged 7 

 days to an instar." 



Egg parasites are said to have been quite prominent during the past 3 years, 

 2 species having been bred {Polynema striaticorne and Ottys ceresarum) which 

 attack the eggs of all 4 membracids. The author presents a historical review, 

 technical descriptions of the stages, an account of the habits of the adults, their 

 destructiveness, and a synonymic bibliography, for each of the 4 si^ecies. 



Clean cultivation to prevent the growth of the hosts of the nymphs is thought 

 to be the most practical and efiicient remedy for the prevention of injury by 

 tree hoppers. 



The periodical cicada in 1911, 0. L. Marlatt (C. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 

 Circ. 132, pp. 6, figs. //). — This circular furnishes information concerning the 2 

 important broods of periodical cicada that will appear during 1911. One of the 

 broods belongs to the 17-year race and extends from New York southward into 

 North Carolina, in general lying east of the Allegheny Mountains. The other 

 is one of the largest brood of the southern, or 13-year, race and covers the 

 lower half of the Mississippi Valley. 



Attention is called to the fact that the damage caused by these broods is 

 usually slight, except in the case of newly planted orchards, and that even here, 

 by vigorous pruning back after the cicada has disappeared, much of the injury 

 caused by the ef;g punctures can be obviated. 



Spraying', fumig'ating', and dipping for the control of San Jose scale, T. B. 

 Symons, L. M. Peairs, and. E. N. Cory (Maryland 8ta. Bui. IJfS, pp. Ifl-Sl, figs. 

 3). — The authors first report briefly upon spraying tests made of 12 lime-sulphur 

 and 8 oil mixtures on apples and peaches. The results indicate that the lime- 

 sulphur solutions when properly applied are as effective as miscible oils in the 

 control of scale on apple. They also show that the standard miscible oils can 

 be employed on apple trees with safety. A comparison of fall and spring treat- 

 ments seems to show a slight preference for fall treatment. 



The fumigation and dipping experiments reported are summarized as follows : 

 '• Instantaneous immersion at normal temperature, is the only practical method 

 that can be employed. Spring dipping seems to be inadvisable, because the 

 growth is retarded to a marked extent. Fall dipping with lime-sulphur mix- 

 tures gives promise of becoming very useful, as a supplementary treatment for 

 nursery stock. All oils killed or injured the tops of so many of the trees, that 

 they proved useless as dips. Hydrocyanic-acid gas produced no undesirable 



