VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 685 



recorded in fowls by Silvestrini and Ilivolta in 1873 nnder the name Psoi-osper- 

 mium avium and the name Coccidiufii tenellum was not erected bj^ Raiyiet and 

 Lucet until 1891, the specific name avium holds through the law of priority. 

 By administering feces containing oocysts from diseased grouse to young fowl 

 chicks and pigeons, the author was able to reproduce the disease exactly as it 

 occurs in grouse. 



'' E. avium appears to be purely a parasite of the gut of the grouse and does 

 not affect such gut diverticula as the liver. The crop and gizzard of infected 

 birds are rarely parasitized, though they may contain oocysts in the condition in 

 which they have been ingested with food. Examination of the duodenum 

 shows that the sporocysts ingested with the food are attacked by the pancreatic 

 juice (as I have proved by pancreatic digestion experiments, using both natural 

 pancreatic juice and trypsin), and the sporozoites are set free. TTaese invade 

 the tissue of the duodenum, rapidly become schizonts and multiply, the result 

 being that the duodenum is often riddled by the parasites, and consequently 

 inflamed. Both the villi and the crypts of Lieberkiihn are attacked, and the 

 parasites have also been found, though much more rarely, in the snbmucosa. 

 Great hyiiertrophy followed by atrophy of the epithelial host cell occurs, and 

 the tissue attacked is often reduced to a finely granular, structureless mass. 

 Desquamation of the gut is common, and epithelium containing various develop- 

 mental stages of the parasite can be found floating free in the gut contents. 



" Some of the merozoites formed in the duodenum pass down the gut, reach 

 the ceca and recommence their life cycle there. Active schizogomy and sporog- 

 ony go on in the ceca, chiefly in the epithelium, very rarely in the submucosa. 

 Often the ceca are as heavily parasitized as the duodenum, whole areas being 

 completely denuded of the epithelium, especially when the fertilized oocysts 

 pass outwards into the cecal contents. The walls of the ceca are often rendered 

 very thin and tender by the action, direct and indirect, of the parasite. Ripe 

 oocysts and sporocysts occur in the lumen of the ceca of dying chicks." 



A list of 20 references to the literature is appended. 



Observations on the parasitic Protozoa of the red grouse (Lagopus scoti- 

 cus), with a note on the grouse fly, H. B. Fantham {Proc. Zool, 8oc. London, 

 1910, III, pp. 692-708, pis. 3). — The author has found and here considers 7 

 species of Protozoa, exclusive of coccidia, that are parasitic in gi'ouse, namely, 

 Leucocytozoon lovati, Hwmoproteus mansoni, SinrocJuvto lagopodls n. sp., 

 8. lovati n. sp., Trichom,onas eherthi, Am-oeba {Entam<£ha) lagopodis n. sp., and 

 Monocijfilis sp. He found that the grouse fly (OrnitJwmyia lagopodis) sucks 

 the blood of the grouse, as blood in all stages of digestion was obtained from 

 the fly's gut. Examination of the salivary glands of the fly showed that an 

 anticoagulin is secreted by them. A fungus was found to infest the Mal- 

 pighian tubes of tlie fly. 



A list of 34 references to literature is appended. 



Experimental studies of avian coccidiosis, especially in relation to young 

 grouse, fowls, and pigeons, H. B. Fantham (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, 

 HI, pp. 108-122, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In order to test the specificness of the coccidian 

 parasite of the grouse, experiments were made with the result that the coccidium 

 pathogenic in young grouse and responsible for the dwindling of the broods, 

 particularly in the spring and early summer, was found to be equally injurious 

 to healthy young fowls and young pigeons. Healthy grouse chicles also were 

 experimentally treated by administering food mixed with small quantities of 

 infected feces from otlier grouse suffering from coccidiosis, and fatal results 

 ensued. 



" Some authors have given the name Coccidium cunicuU to the parasite of 

 birds, thereby identifying the coccidium of birds with that of rabbits. Having 



