HORTICULTURE. 147 



were discarded as of no practical value. A few, including a Brussels sprout 

 with cabbage bead, a curled leaf thousand-beaded kale, and a thousand-beaded 

 kale with large tender leaf stalks are being perpetuted. 



Subsequent attempts to cross various types of B. olcracca with different forms 

 of rape, swede^ and turnip (B. iiapin^, B. campcstrifi, and B. rapa, respectively) 

 by artificial pollination and under closely controlled conditions lead the author 

 to conclude that B. oleracca (cabbage type) will not cross outside of its own 

 class. In cases where the hybrids produced seed, they split up in the second 

 generation into forms resembling the types first cross-fertilized and other inter- 

 mediate forms. 



The rapes, swedes, and turnips crossed with each other and produced hybrids, 

 many of which failed to produce seed, hence were not perpetuated. The deduc- 

 tion is made that as it seems impossible to perpetuate hybrid forms between 

 white and yellow swedes, white and yellow turnips, white turnips and swedes, 

 yellow turnips and swedes, or vice versa, it is probable that these types do not 

 owe their existence to a common wild form. 



How new fruits can be made by crossing, S. W. Fletcher {Gard. Mag. 

 [New York], 7 (1908), No. 3, pp. U2-1J,6, figs. 13).— In this popular article the 

 author aims to present the opinions relative to crossing and the exact methods 

 of practice adopted by the majority of the leading plant breeders in this coun- 

 try. Although the article deals with the crossing of orchard fruits, many of 

 the methods described are considered applicable in the crossing of other plants. 



Horticultural districts of the State, G. A. Marshall et al. {Ann. Rpt. Nebr. 

 Hort. Soc, 38 {1901), pp. 20-3.1,, map i).— The Nebraska State Horticultural 

 Society recently divided the State into 19 horticultural districts. A map is given 

 showing these districts, together with a revised list of orchard and small fruits 

 and ornamentals recommended for planting in each. 



Pall and early winter injuries to orchard trees and shrubbery by freezing, 

 A. I). Sklbv {Ohio Sta. Bui. 19.1. pp. 129-1 Ji8, fif/ft. 9). — Numerous examples of 

 injury to orchard trees and ornamentals from freezing llnring the fall and 

 winter of 1900-7 were found over the whole State, with the exception of the 

 lake shore district where little damage was done. This bulletin contains a 

 discussion, together with results of studies made relative to the nature and 

 extent of the injury. 



The trees and shrubs seriously injured included the apple, .Japanese plum, 

 sour cherry, peach, raspberry, weigela, privet, English walnut, and arborvit;e. 



The losses were most conspicuous with apple orchards 5 years old or under, 

 and varied considerably with different varieties. In the northern section of the 

 State the Baldwin and in the southern section the Rome Beauty and the Hub- 

 liardston suffered sevei'ely, the injury in some cases amounting to 90 per cent 

 or more of the young trees. The principal damage is attributed to the October 

 freeze of 1907, which was preceded by a long spell in which the temperature 

 and moisture conditions were above the normal, thus favoring a vigorous growth 

 late in the season. Some damage was also done by warm midwinter weather 

 together with low minimum temjieratures. No evidence was secured to show 

 llie advantage of one method of orchard practice over another as a means of 

 wai'ding off such winter injury. The loss, however, is regarded as unusual 

 both in time of its occurrence and in the severity with which certain types of 

 trees were injured. The heavy losses with standard commercial varieties 

 suggest the possibility of growing these sorts on hardier stocks. 



It is believed that secondary effects tipon apple trees injured by freezing may 

 be observed for several years, and observations are to be made along this line. 



Second contribution to the experimental study of the forcing of grafted 

 American grape stocks, A. Dra{io {ticcondo (Jontribtiio Hperimvntair alio Studio 



