ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 163 



cost of from 30 to 50 cts. is from $3 to $7 or more, when apples are worth $1 

 I)er bushel." 



Eighth report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Duke of Bedford 

 and S. U. Pickering (WoMirn Ewpt. Fruit Farm Rpt., 8 {1908), pp. IV +129 

 + XLI). — This report is occupied with a study of insecticides and fungicides 

 ;nul the results of their application in the eradication of a few insect and 

 fungus pests. 



After a thorough study of Bordeaux mixture the conclusion is reached that 

 the chirf aim in making this mixture should be to reduce the lime to the lowest 

 possible proportions consistent with the precipitation of all of the copper. In 

 accordance with this principle recommendations are made regarding the prep- 

 aration of Bordeaux mixture. For preparing 100 gal. of the mixture, it is 

 recommended that 6 lbs., 6^ oz. of copper sulphate be dissolved in 2 or 3 gal. 

 of water. A quantity of lime not less than 2 or 3 lbs. is to be slaked in 120 

 gal. of soft water, after which the lime and water are to be stirred 2 or 3 times 

 and allowed to settle until the solution becomes quite clear. Then 86 gal. of 

 clear limewater are to be taken for mixture with the copper-sulphate solution 

 and the whole mixture is brought up to the required 100 gal. by the addition 

 of a sufficient quantity of water. The mixture thus prepared contains 1 oz. of 

 copper sulphate in each 134 oz. 



In the use of arsenate of lead it was found that a certain amount of scorch- 

 ing of the leaves occurred in some varieties of apples, however carefully the 

 insecticide was applied. The efficiency of this insecticide, however, is very 

 satisfactory. Calcium arsenate was used as a substitute for lead arsenate and 

 gave results almost equal in efficiency and at smaller expense. 



In the preparation of emulsions considerable objections have been made to 

 the use of soaps. In most cases even where soft soaps are used the addition 

 of caustic soda changes soft soap into a hard soap which is only sparingly 

 soluble and is consequently thrown out of solution as a flocculent solid. It 

 became desirable, therefore, to select an emulsifying agent which would not 

 be affe^'ted by caustic soda. For this purpose the basic sulphates of iron and 

 copper are perhaps the best reagents to be used. Excellent results were 

 obtained from such emulsions. For a caustic winter wash of this sort the 

 authors recommend a formula calling for 5 lb. iron sulphate, i lb. lime, 2 lbs. 

 caustic soda, 5 pts. kerosene, and water to make 10 gal. 



In controlling the oyster-shell bark-louse, it was found possible to destroy 

 the eggs by the use of a 2.5 per cent solution of caustic soda. Moss and lichens 

 were readily removed from trees by a 2 per cent solution of the same substance. 

 Brief notes are also given on experiments with apple psylla, caterpillars, aphis, 

 and leaf spot. It is maintained that all insecticides and fungicides exercise 

 some harmful effect upon the tree and for this reason it is believed that two or 

 three thorough applications are better and less liable to cause harm than 

 re]>eated applications of less strength. 



Spraying apple trees, H. Garman (Kentucky Sta. But. 133, pp. 3-13). — An 

 exi)eriment was conducted for the purpose of comparing the value of Paris 

 green and arsenate of lead and the effectiveness of spraying when trees are in 

 full bloom and after the petals have fallen. The experiment was made on 

 an orchard of about 25 acres and involved the use of various combinations of 

 arsenate of lead. Paris green, lime and Bordeaux mixture. 



The average injury frcmi codling moth on trees sprayed with arsenate of lead 

 was one-fourth as great as on trees treated with Paris green and lime, and the 

 injury to trees sprayed with arsenate of lead when in full bloom was nearly 

 four times as great as that to trees sprayed after the petals had fallen. With 



