178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



A paper on the feeding of a pure blood Iiorse witli skim niillv i)o\vder is noted 

 above. 



The grade stallion situation in Wisconsin, A. S. Alexander ( Wisconsin 

 Sta. Bui. 138, PI). 3-35, JUjs. 12, mai) 1). — ^YitlI a desire of improving eixsting 

 conditions, the author discusses the number and character of stallions liept in 

 Wisconsin, pointing out the bad qualities of many of them and malving numerous 

 suggestions for betterment. According to the author, there are in the State 

 1,974 stallions licensed as grades, while there are but 1,286 pure-bred stallions 

 in service. Of those licensed as grades, moreover, 13G were pronounced by 

 their owners as of unknown breeding and 31 were certified to as of mixed 

 breeding. As regards breeds, 43 per cent of the pure-breds were Percherons 

 and 30 per cent trotters. 



Safety for new-laid eggs {Illiis. London News [Amer. Ed.], 42 (1908), No. 

 1088, p. 376). — A homemade nest is described having a false bottom made of 

 2 inclined boards with a space between them. These are covered witli 

 straw as is also the bottom of the box underneath the opening. The new-laid 

 egg slides down the incline and falls into the lower receptacle where it can 

 not be pecked or broken by the fowls. If a nest egg is used, it may be fastened 

 to the side of the nest or to the false bottom. 



The marketing of poultry {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], IJ, (1908), No. 11, pp. 

 641-651). — A summary of data and discussion of market requirements for 

 chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys in different English markets. It is stated 

 that the demand for high-class poultry in Great Britain has increased very 

 greatly within recent years. 



National standard squab book, E. C. Rice (Boston, 1908, pp. 232, pi. 1, figs. 

 77/). — Pigeon houses, nest bowls and nests, water and feed, laying and hatching, 

 killing and cooling, the markets, pigeon diseases, and other questions are dis- 

 cussed in this volume, which is designed as a handbook of squab raising. 



Breeding for squabs, F. A. Sotter (DotighissviUc, Pa., 1908, pp. 75, pis. IJf). — 

 Breeding, feeding, care, and management, diseases, and other matters of impor- 

 tance in squab raising are discussed and a number of receipts are given for 

 cooking squabs. 



DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AG ROTECHNY. 



Sources of bacteria in milk, W. M. Esten and C. J. Mason (Connecticut 

 Storrs 8ta. Bill. 51, pp. 65-109, figs. 8, dgm. 1). — The significance of kinds 

 rather than of numbers of bacteria in milk is especially emphasized and the dif- 

 ferent kinds of bacteria that get into milk are classified in groups. These are 

 also tabulated with respect to the source from which they arise, the latter 

 classificatiou depending largely upon the results of investigations discussed by 

 the authors, the purpose of which was to discover the sources of bacteria and 

 means of eliminating them by practical methods from the milk. 



According to the authors the cow is the chief source of the bacteria that get 

 into the milk. These come from the interoir of the udder and from the sur- 

 face of the cow's body. AVith regard to the udder organisms it is stated that 

 •' the flora of bacteria in the normal healthy udder is a rather small one, aver- 

 aging from 2 to 8 varieties in each udder. The udder is composed of 4 divisions, 

 each separate from the other 3 divisions. There may be one or more dift'ereut 

 kinds of organisms in each quarter. The number of varieties that come from 

 the udders of a number of cows is a large one. In a herd of about 25 cows 

 there were found to be over 50 varieties of bacteria. Fifty-five per cent of 

 these had no visible effect on sterile milk when inoculated as a pure culture. 

 Thirty-eight per cent turned milk slightly acid, and 7 per cent turned milk to 



