ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557 



The apple leaf-aphis, K. I). Sandlkson {\<ic llnmitxhirc ^ta. Cirr. 3, pp. 6, 

 jiij.s. .}).— This pest is reported t«> have been quite abuudant throughout the 

 State during the season of 1!X)S and in some instances quite seriously injurious 

 to young orchards. A brief account of its life cycle is given. The application 

 of contact sprays in the spring before the aphids have become numerous enough 

 to curl the foliage and thus be protected is recommended. 



•'A spray of in or 15 iter cent kerosene emulsion; whale oil or lisli oil soap, 

 1 11). to T) gal. of water: tobacco water, or any of tlie prepared tobacco extracts 

 will kill tlie aphids if applied so as to hit them. . . . Winter spiaying with 

 Iime-sul|thur mi.xture as used for the San Jose scale will kill many of the 

 eggs, but it is doubtful if it will entirely destroy them." 



The gall and root forms of phylloxera, Anna Foa and R. Gbandori (A/// R. 

 Acviid. Lined h'ciid. CI. Sci. Fi-s., Mat. e Nat., 5. sci:, 17 (1!)0H), I, Ao. '>, pp. 

 ii7tl-JKI). — Detailed anatomical notes are given on the differences observed in 

 various structures of thcsi' two forms of phylloxera. 



Grape culture in California: Its difficulties; phylloxera and resistant vines, 

 F. T. HioLKTTi (California Sta. Bui. 1D7. pp. //.J-/.J7', figs. 12). — "California 

 produces, approximately, all the raisins, three-quarters of the wine, and a large 

 share of the shipi)ing grapes of the United States. ... At present there are 

 over 2(H),(K)0 acres of vineyard in the State, and the prospects of continued ex- 

 pansion are favorable. . . . The phylloxera is well established now in nearly 

 every large grape-growing section except those of southern California. There 

 are still large areas of vineyard, however, in the San Joaquin and Sacramento 

 valleys which have thus far escaped the pest." 



The most plausible theory advanced to account for the slow extension of 

 phylloxera is said to be that the winged form is absent or extremely rai*e in the 

 interior of the State, no record existing of winged individuals having been found 

 except in the coast valleys. 



For the disinfection of cuttings the use of carbon bisulphid is advised. " For 

 the disinfection of rooted vines dipping in hot water is recounnended by the 

 best European authorities. The roots should remain in water at 125 to 130° F. 

 for 10 minutes. ... It is jtroliable that disinfection by means of hydrocyanic 

 gas as practiced for nursery stock would be effective, but data is lacking on this 

 [K)int. . . . Cultivation is one of the most effective means of currying the root 

 Insects from one part of the vineyard to another. Every effort should be made 

 to discourage the introduction of cuttings, and esi)ecially of roots, from infested 

 to uidnfested districts." 



It is estimated that nine-tenths of the resistant vines being planted in Califor- 

 nia at the present time .-ire Kupestris St. (Jeorge. While a most excellent stock 

 for a large portion of the country, numerous cases of ])artial failure have In^n 

 not<Hl. Experiments made with various stocks and the exi)erience of growers in 

 relation to resistance are reported. 



" For a great majority of our soils and varieties the two Uiparia X Kupestris 

 hybrids .'i.'J(Kj and .'WOD promise to be suix-rior in every way to the St. (Jeorge. 

 The former for the moist er soils and the latter for the drier. ... In places 

 wliere the water stands for many weeks during the winter, or where the bottom 

 wati-r rises too ne;ir the surface during the sinnmer, the most promising stock 

 Is Solonis X Uiparia 1010." 



A lirlef desi-ription of resistant stocks adapted largely from Les Vignes 

 Amerlcaines, by V. Viala and L. Ravaz (E. S. K., 15, p. .5S5), is given, accom- 

 panie<l by re|iroductlons of original ithotograjihs. 



The grrape leaf-hopper, II. J. Qiavi.k (California Sla. liiil. /.9X, pp. 177- 

 21U, figx. 23). — With the excejttion of the phylloxera, Tpphloriiba comes is con- 

 sidered the most destructive insect i>est of the vine in California. It is found 



