HORTKTT.TT'RE. 753 



and tliat when \ho buds be^'in to swell Ibe surface of the soil should be either 

 liarrowetl or rolled. Since jrrass and wc»'ds play the same role as rou;,'h clods. 

 I bey should not bo cnltivat«'d out until the buds swell. Throwing the dirt 

 away from the vines will also serve to retard growth. 



The fertilizer requirements of grapes, G. Chippaz (Preg. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. 

 HJst-Ccutic). J!) (HlOS), Xd. .'I'l. />/;. jn'-5i2). — The results are given of ana- 

 lytical studies made with grapevines and the fimlt at six different periods dur- 

 ing the growing season with a view of deternuning a suitable fertilizer for grapes 

 :is indicated by the amount of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, and lime re- 

 moved from the soil. 



The data obtained show that about three-fom-tlis of the total amount of nitro- 

 gen and five-eighths of the total amount of potash are taken up from the time 

 growth starts to the llowering season. The absorpti<m of these elements pi-ac- 

 tically ceases when the fruits begin to show color. The phosphoric acid appears 

 to be taken up almost entirely before the flowering season. JAme is taken up 

 quite regularly throughout the growing season, the amount increasing as growth 

 advances. It is (estimated that a hectare (2.47 acres) of grapes removes from 

 the soil annually from 40 to SO kg. of nitrogen, 8 to 20 kg. of phosphoric acid, 

 and :'.o to N(i kg. of jintMsh. 



The origin of the red color in grapes, J. Laborde (HiiI. .l.v.s'Of. CJiint. Siicr. 

 rt DistiU., 2(i (lUOS). .\ o. 1-^. pp. 76"-7,S). — Red colors may be produced artifi- 

 cially in the leaves and fruits. The author has produced a red liquid from 

 white grai)es by heating in an autoclave at 120° for 30 minutes in a 2 per cent 

 solution of hydrochloric acid. 



The origin of red colored grapes, 1'. Mai.vk/in {d.iniit. Rind. Acml. Sii. 

 f/V/r/.s], /J7 il'.KtS), Xd. 7, pp. .J.SJ-.J.s'o"). — Further experiments on the sub.j(>ct 

 nnted abo\e. The author thinks the red coloring in nature is brought ajxiut iiy 

 ilie combined action (»f air. light, heat, and diastase. In white grapes the 

 diastase may be absent and the color can not be jiroduced at ordinary tempera- 

 tures, and therefore the red color may be jiroduced from white grai)es only when 

 the temperatui'e is raiseil artificially. 



The transformation of the coloring matter in grapes during ripening, 

 .T. I.AnoKDi: {('(iitipl. ffrnil. Acad. Sfi. (/Vn/.s|. I ',7 iltiOS). Xo. 17. pp. 7'>,i-7.').'>). — 

 I >t'terminations of the soluble, insoluble, and total coloring matter in gi'ajies of 

 (litTercnt sorts at diflerent stages of development are leiiorted. 



Tea on the Congo (liiiL Off. h'tat IiHlrpciid. Congo, 2-'i {tnOS), Xo. 10, Sup., 

 pp. 3J7-.i.i(i). — Data are given on experiments in growing and manufacturing 

 tea at (he Eala liotanic (Jarden. The results as a whole indicate that tea can 

 be successfully gntwn in that region. 



[Investigations in selecting and breeding opium poppies], .T. M. IIavm.w 

 I A'/;/. Cainiporr [India] Agr. Sta., 1U07, pp. /'/-/7). — Wiirk is being conducted 

 :il the statictii in determining the extent to which the ofispring of seed sclerted 

 from highly productive opium poppies reproduces the same indications of high 

 production. The results of the first year's work are lu-esented in tal)ular form. 



Seed was procured from selected parents producing from 4 t») (5 grains of 

 oi'iiini as against 2 and '.i grains in ttther cases. Comparing the average opium 

 yield per plant of 1.120 seedlings witli that of the average opium yield per 

 plant of 14 parent plants, the progeny showed a decrease In yield of only about 

 1 grain. The work is t<t l)e continue<l. 



The stability in tyjie of different varieties of poppies was also t(>ste(l. with 

 siiecial reference to the influence, if any, of cross-fertilization l»y liees. I'be 

 results indicate that the ty|)es are distinct varieties and that bees have not 

 thus far elTwted cross-fertilization. .Studies of the gnnvtli (pf iiopl'.v plants lead 



