782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



Milking appliances and milking machines, A, Rosa.m (chten: Molk. Ztg., 

 Jo (1908), Aos. J8, pp. 2-'il-2-',3, fif/s. IJ, ; 10, pp. 255-258, figs. 25; 20, pp. 269- 

 271, figs. 8; 21, pp. 28S-2S5. flgs. o). — Descriptions and illnstnitious of various 

 appliances for milking otherwise than by hand, including milking tubes, milking 

 machines that force the milk out by pressure, and suction milking machines. 



Milking machines, B. Boggild {Ma1kcri1i(l.,21 {1908), So. 30, pp. 556-563).— 

 An address discussing the problem of machine milking, especially with the 

 ^'itula and the Lawrence-Kennedy-Gillies machines. The author concludes that 

 it is too early as yet to recommend in general the installation of either machine 

 on Danish dair.v farms. 



Dairying in southern Brazil, A. Redaccao, B. Bernardino, and L. Granato 

 (Cent. Econ. Rio Grande do Siil Bol. 3, pp. 59, figs. .}). — An account of the 

 dairy industry and the methods employed in dairy husbandry in the State of 

 Rio Grande do Sul. Analyses of milk are given. 



Dairying in Finland, E. Konradi (Mcelkeritid., 21 (1908), No. 39, pp. 717- 

 730). — A general discussion of the conditions of the dairy industry in Finland. 



Report of the experiment station and dairy institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau 

 for the years 1907 and 1908, Hittcher (Bcr. Vers. Stat. a. Leliranst. MoUnr. 

 Elciiitiof-Tapiau, 1907-8, pp. 27). — This report contains analyses of human 

 milk, records of the dairy herd, and related matters. 



The lecithin content of milk, J. Xerking and E. Haensel (Biochem. Ztschr., 

 13 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 3'i8-353; abs. in Analyst, 33 (1908), No. 393, pp. .',70, 

 lf71). — The lecithin content of various milks was estimated. Alcohol was 

 added to the milk and the precipitate extracted with chloroform. The filtrate 

 was evaporated, extracted with chloroform, and the two extractions imited 

 and evaporated. The residue, after the addition of sodiiim carbonate and 

 potassium nitrate, was then ignited. The phosphoric acid in the ash was next 

 separated with molybdic acid and weighed as magnesium pyrophosphate. The 

 average percentage of lecithin and cephalin present in human milk was 0.05, 

 cows' 0.063, asses" O.IG, sheep's 0.083, goats' 0.049, and mares' 0.011. 



[Bacteriological studies of milk], W. G. Savage (Ann. Rpt. Local Govt. Bd. 

 [Gt. Brit.^, 36 (1906-7), pp. 205-236, fig i).— Studies were made of leucocytes, 

 streptococci, staphylococci, and a few pathogenic forms of bacteria found in 

 milk. 



The streptococci from individual cows differ from those of cow dung both 

 in regard to their morphology and their action upon the different sugar alco- 

 hols. " The most frequently present group is a long chain form which ferments 

 lactose, saccharose, and raffinose, coagulates milk, and usually ferments salicin. 

 Twenty-two members of this group were located." These streptococci were 

 not pathogenic when tested on mice. 



The ordinary staphylococci were found in nearly all samples of milk, but 

 as far as tested all were nonpathogenic. Staphylococci which form some 

 translucent colonies were often present. Diptheroid bacilli and Bacillus coli 

 were sometimes found. Streptococci were abundant but had no relationship 

 to the number of leucocytes present. "An excess of leucocytes may be due 

 to the conditions associated with a diminution of the milk in the later stages 

 of pregnancy. It may be due to some old injury or inflammation, all traces 

 of which have been removed when ordinary methods of examination are 

 used. . . . On the other hand, the presence of streptococci is frequently a 

 purely saprophytic phenomenon. In other cases it is probably associated with 

 some local teat condition which does not affect the number of leucocytes, while 

 only in certain cases is their presence in direct relationship to pathological 

 conditions, causing u great increase in the number of leucocytes." 



