HUKAL KCONOMICS. 793 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



[Papers on rural economy]. R. Zfxenski et al. (S. Intcrnnt. Landw. 

 Komi. Wirn. J (1907). pii. iSS-ZIl, 322^33, 65Ji-661; 2 {1907), Sec. I, Refs. 

 1-7, 1)1). I')(i; See. 111. I), Rcfs. 1-6, pp. 168; summarized in Ann. Sci. Agron., 

 3. .scr., 3 {I90S), 1, pp. 11-30). — This is a rei)ort of the proceedings of the 

 ICighth International Congress of Agriculture held at Vienna, May 21-25, 1907. 



The papers are printed in full in Volume 2, and the topics discussed were: 

 (1) The international regulation of dealing in futures; (2) the union of the 

 International Congress of Agriculture with the International Institute of Agri- 

 culture at Rome: (3) the conservation of the agricultural class; (4) a compara- 

 tive study of duties on agricultural produce; (5) the international labor prob- 

 lem with particular reference to agricultural laborers: (G) the reduction of 

 taxes on land; (7) circulating capital in the agricultural industry; (S) the 

 influence of farm management on net income; (9) book-keeping by an agricul- 

 tural central organization; (10) the value of nonmarketable agricultural prod- 

 ucts; (11) the agricultural labor problem, etc. 



Mother earth: A proposal for the permanent reconstruction of our 

 country life, M. Fokdiiam (London. 190S, pp. 157). — The author outlines a 

 scheme for the rehabilitation of agriculture and rural social life in England as 

 a remedy for rural depopulation and the unemployed in cities. 



The administration of the small holdings act (lid. Agr. and Fisheries 

 [London], Leaflet 216, pp. 8). — The regulations issued by the Board of Agri- 

 culture and Fisheries for the acquisition, assignment, and control of land for 

 small holdings under the acts of 1892 and 1907 are presented in this pamphlet. 



Small holdings in England, F. Impey (Rev. Econ. Internat.. .7 (1908), IV, 

 A'o. N, pp. .jJ9-.j.'i8). — A bri«'f history of the modern small holdings movement iu 

 England, with a discussion of the chief provisions of the small holdings and 

 allotments act of 1907 and the economic and social progress made since its 

 oi)eration. 



Small holdings in Southwest Lancashire, .1. O. I'eet {Jour. Bd. Agr. 

 [London], l.j (1 90S), Xo. 8, pp. 561-567). — A description of the size, operation, 

 and returns of small holdings in Lancashire is presented. The size of the hold- 

 ings range from about G to 40 acres, the latter being quite conunon, and rents 

 range from £3 10s. to £5 per acre. While the rate of wages paid farm hands 

 ranges from 18s. to 24s. per week, it is seldom that the laborers become small 

 holders " though, with thrifty habits and high wages, they have a good chance 

 of doing so if they desire." 



In behalf of small pi'oprietors, .1. Aguet {Coliiratore, 5.'i {1908), No. .Jff, 

 pp. 6H9-IU2). — This is an argument in favor of reducing the legal fees and gov- 

 ernment taxes on land transfers in Italy, with the view of enabling peasants to 

 become the owners of small holdings. Relative to acquiring a i)iece of land 

 under iires<^^'nt conditions statistics are presented to show iliat the fees and 

 taxes to effei-t the transfer amount to about one-third or even as high as one- 

 half the pnrc^iase price, and this is regarded as ttio burdensome on the farm 

 laboring class. 



The sale of lands to peasants [in Russia] iliul. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. 

 iraris], 7 {1908), .\o. 10, pp. 1262-127 1).— Thin is a sununary of the work of 

 the agrirultiu'al conuni.ssion during the year ended October 1, 1907. previously 

 noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, i). 91). 



The agrarian question in Bosnia, A. Raki ai.ovku (Ikon. Europeen, 3.'t 

 (1908), So. 8X0. pp. 6)9. 650). — Notes are given on the jtopulation. number and 

 class of holdings, and land-tenure system in r.osnia. with a comparison of the 



