VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1085 



vory (lifRcnlt niattor, as imilo No. 7 would to-dny pass almost overyoiio as 

 sound while the blood is still iufectious." It lias boon found that while some 

 mules regain much of their flesh and strength when well fed and' not worked, 

 nhnost every horse dies in spite of the best care and attention. 



Immunization against glanders, A. Makxer (Rev. G6n. M6d. V6t., 12 {1908), 

 No. 133, pp. 1-5; ab-s. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Thcr., 21 (lf)08). No. 3, pp. 

 2fif>-271). — An account is given of exi)eriments conducted in association with 

 ]•]. Levy and F. Blumenthal, based upon the idea that vaccines might be pre- 

 ]iared by treating the bacteria with solutions of chemical substances which 

 were indifferent to the bacteria but were capable of changing the osmotic 

 pressure and thus enfeebling the bacteria without killing them, without seri- 

 ously altering their constitution, or without modifying the antigens which are 

 so important in i)roducing immunity. 



(ilycerin and urea are said to possess such properties. The attenuation of 

 the virus of glanders in solutions of glycerin and urea is said to be propor- 

 tional to the temperature and inversely i)roportional to the density of the 

 enuilsion. Experiments were first made with the guinea pig, then with the 

 horse. Enuilsions containing urea are most useful, as they can readily be 

 evaporated to dryness and reduced to a powder which keeps for a long time, 

 even at comparatively high temperatures. Complete immunity was produced 

 in horses by a single injection of GOO mg. of dead bacilli or 2 injections of 

 300 mg. each of dead bacilli with urea. The immunity conferred lasts at least 

 a year. 



In iiractice it is convenient to inject under the skin a dose of 100 nig. of the 

 immunizing powder, followed at intervals of a week by doses of 200 and 250 mg. 



The malleiii reaction in nonglandered horses, H. J. Sudmersen (Vet. Jour., 

 ll'f (190S), No. 39.'i, pp. 197, 19S). — "Immune horses rarely give any rise in 

 temperature (3 cases in 50), and when such a rise does take place the maximum 

 is reached at 12 hours after injection and the temperature rapidly falls and 

 reaches the normal in about 24 hours." 



The author's exjiorience with glandered horses has been that the niaxinmni 

 temperature is imt reached until the fifteenth hour and the fall is only gradual. 

 '■(>nt of 20 horses with large loeal reactions, and which were shown to bi' 

 glandered on post-mortem examination, 10 had considerable increase in leiii- 

 lierature (average rise 2.7° F.) while 7 gave very little rise (average 1.1° F.). 

 The local reaction obtained upon immune horses also differs from that of 

 glandered animals." 



Preventive vaccination against strangles, F. S. H. Baldkey (Jour. Voniixtr. 

 I'lith. (uiil Thcr., 21 (I9()S), No. 2, pi>. I.',S-]G2). — "As a result of these experi- 

 iiieiits it would appear that subcutaneous vaccination witli either a broth cul- 

 tin-e killed under toluol, or an agar culture in salt solution killed at a 

 temperature of 58° ('., will have a very considerable effect in raising nu aniniars 

 lesislanee to a strei)tococcic infection, and is therefore useful as a i)roventive 

 to the disease. Control animals will show a more or less severe abscess when 

 tested with a nonlethal dose of strangles streptococcus culture, whereas the 

 vaccinated animal will suffer practically no ill effects." 



Investigation of an outbreak of horse surra with result of treatnaent 

 with atoxyl, tartar emetic, mercury, and other drugs, .1. I >. K. Holmes {Jour. 

 Trofi. Vet. 8ci., 3 (1908), No. 2, pp. l.')7-172, pis. 2).— The author reports an 

 outbreak of surra in India in ](X)7 and the results obtained from treatment 

 with atoxyl, mercury, and tartar emetic. 



Continuation of experiments on protective inoculation against equine 

 piroplasmosis. A. Tfieilek (Jour. Compar. I'ath. and Thcr., 21 (1908), No. 2, 

 pp. 97-l'i8). — The experiments, which are here reported in detail, have been 



