VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1187 



"When we further consider that such good results can also be obtained on 

 farms in which the inoculated calves are constantly kept together with highly- 

 tuberculous cows, it is plain that protective inoculation can be carried out 

 v.'ith good results under ordinary agricultural conditions, and it seems justi- 

 fiable to conclude that the power of resistance against tuberculous infection 

 conferred on animals by bovovacciuation, having already lasted over 5 years, 

 will probably prove to continue for some years longer. 



" Taking everything into consideration, I consider it absolutely superfluous 

 to repeat the protective inoculation every year, as has recently " been suggested. 

 Accoi'diug to my view, inoculation should not be repeated even once, on account 

 of the possibility of infection through the milk. 



" Instead of repeating the inoculation, I would recommend that, as far as 

 economically possible, suitable hygienic measures should be adopted." 



It is i)ointed out that the danger of animals from tubercle-free farms from 

 becoming infected if removed to other centers obtains under the methods of 

 Bang and Ostertag. It is therefore of great importance that cattle not only 

 be i)rotected from tuberculosis infection, but also that an active resistance be 

 conferred. The author considers a combination of Ostertag's method with 

 von Behring's bovovacciuation as the remedy sought for. The following are 

 considered the most important points in such a combined method: 



" The most important condition, in my estimation, is that the bovovacciuation 

 should be carried out with the most scrupulous care and exactly in accordance 

 with v<m Behring's directions. 



" The method of testing, by tuberculin, the adult animals protected by von 

 Behring's method should be discontinued, and only employed in special cases. 

 For it should be substituted exact clinical tests of the whole number of animals 

 at fixed intervals. 



"The tuberculin testing of the calves recommended by Ostertag can in the 

 combined method be discontinued, inasmuch as the bovovaccine injections exhibit 

 an action similar to tuberculin. ( I may add that we have often noted that 

 calves which react typically during the protective inoculation have later proved 

 to be infected.) 



'■ By combining the two methods, the artificial rearing of the calves, as recom- 

 mended bj' Ostertag, could be discontinued, for our experiments have shown 

 that calves develop just as well under ordinarj- agricultural conditions as 

 those reared artificially, provided they have been protectively inoculated in 

 early life. This appears to me an advantage of the combined method which 

 should not be overlooked, because in agricultural practice artificial rearing 

 is often ditficult 1<> carry out." 



The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, T. Smith {Jour. Med. Re- 

 search, JS (1908), No. 3, pp. -'i5l-Jt85; ahs. in Bui. Itifit. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 

 23, p. 1038). — "Vaccination of calves with the human type of the tubercle 

 bacillus is harmless. Cases in which injuries are said to have resulted from 

 it may have been due to other concomitant affections, among which pneumonia 

 is probably the most common. I'ersons trying vaccination should first assure 

 themselves that the culture they intend to use belongs to the human and not 

 to the l)ovine type of the bacillus. 



" \'acciuation with the human type of bacillus leads to a relatively high 

 resistance to fatal do.ses of the bovine bacillus. 



" Vaccination with a carefully tested, attenuated bovine bacillus may be as 

 efficacious, even in a single injection, as the double vaccination with lunnan 

 bacilli. Such vaccination may be less dangerous to man than when human 

 bacilli are used. 



