RURAL ECONOMICS. 1195 



The influence of immigration on agricultural development, J. L. Coulter 

 (Ann. Anicr. Acad. I'olit. and Soc. Sci., ,U U!)0!>), -V". -, l>P- 373-31/9).— This 

 article discusses the advantages, both to agricultural wealth production and to 

 the economic welfare of the laborers, of the proper location of farm immi- 

 grants in parts of the country which conform as nearly as possible in physical 

 environment, agricultural methods, and crops produced to their native lands. 

 The results of such settlements by Swiss, Bohemians, I'oles, Russians, Italians, 

 etc., in different parts of the country are briefly discussed with reference to 

 agriculture as a whole, to such particular branches of the industry as cheese 

 niiiking, and to the farm labor i>r<)blem in the United States, 



The Italian as an agricultural laborer, A. Pecorini (Ann. Amcr. Acad. 

 Polit. and Soc. Sci., 33 (1909), No. 2, pp. 3S0-390).— This article presents data 

 on the number of Italians and the branches of the agricultui*al industry in 

 which they are engaged in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts. New Jersey, 

 Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, 

 Texas, and California. Truck farming and the raising of cotton, sugar cane, 

 tobacco, rice, and fruits are their principal lines of work. The best results 

 are said to be attained when the Italian owns his land or is a tenant, " but 

 decidedly he is not adapted to be exploited as a day laborer under the peonage 

 system." 



The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, A. Jaretzki et al. 

 tJvirish Agr. and Indus. Aid ISoc. Ann. Rpt. J908, pp. 58). — This is the annual 

 report for the year 1908. The purpose of this society is to assist, encourage, 

 and instruct Jewish f.-irmers engaged in agriculture. At the close of the year 

 there were 2.400 farmers occifpying 2.104 farms, and this is believed to repre- 

 sent only about 50 per cent of the number of Jewish farmers in the United 

 States. The loans granted and the educational and other features of the 

 society for encouraging agriculture ai'e presented in detail. 



Concerning settlements of farm laborers in East Prussia (Illus. Landw. 

 Ztg., 29 U909). Xo. 10, pp. 82, 83). — This article discusses the purposes of 

 agricultural labor settlements and the conditions which lead to success. Among 

 the latter are mentioned the profitableness of agriculture, the fertility of the 

 land, and the capability of the farm laborer. The develoi»mont of the laborer 

 into an iudei)endent farmer, it is believed, rests upon the last factor more than 

 on any other, and it is thought that this has not been sufficiently considei-ed 

 by those who have advocated the establishment of small holdings as a solution 

 of the agricultural labor problem in Prussia. 



Concerning settlements of farm laborers, Daverhutii et al. (///»s. Jjindw. 

 Ztg.. 29 {J909), .Vo. /J. pp. 123, 12'i). — These two articles discuss the ineffec- 

 tiveness of land settlements to solve the farm labor problem in (Jermany. The 

 authors contend from observations and experience th:it the regular farm hand 

 on the average farm is better off than the small holder in agricultural colonies 

 working for himself. 



The land and the landless, O. Caduuky. Jr.. and T. Prvan ( London. 1908, 

 pp. VIII-\-]82, dgnis. 2). — This is a history of the .agrarian problem in Eng- 

 land with particular reference to the econoujic and social st.it\is of farmers 

 :iud farm labon'rs, in which it is suggested " that the rural problem will not 

 be solved by s«'ttling a large niunber of men on snuill fainis, but that it is 

 also ne»cessary to s<'t up in rural England such conditions of life and industry 

 as shall make small farms permanently possible." The conditions which will 

 make for success are, the authors believe, to increase the size of small holdings 

 to from 20 to 00 acres, a scjund system of furnishing capital, cooperation among 



