WATER SOILS. 125 



monthly, 10.3, December, IDOl; least monthly, 1.34, May, 1902; greatest in 24 con- 

 .^eeutive hours, 2.42, December 29, 1901; snowfall — total, 53.5; greatest monthly, 

 31.5, February, 1902; least monthly, 2.5, November, 1901. Weather. — NumT)er of 

 clear (lays, 138; number of fair days, IIH; numl)er of cloudy days. 111; numl)er of 

 days on which there was precipitation of 0.01 in. or more, 109. J'rev((ili)i</ vlnd, west 

 and -southwest. 



Meteorological chart of the Great Lakes, A.J. Hk.nkv and N. ]>. C'oxoek 

 ( r. S. Ihjit. A(/r., Wnithcr Ihinnii, M(l.on,/i,(/irid Clutii of the (Irent Lakex, 190o, No. 1, 

 lip. ..'.>, pi. 1). — This is tlie usual sunnuary of observations on the weather for the 

 season of navigation; preciiiitation and ice during the winter of 1902-3; opening of 

 navigation for the season of 1903; and maximum wind velocities, April to Decendjer. 



Meteorological observations on Ben Nevis, A. Buciian kt al. {Rpt. Brilhh 

 J.v.vor. Adr. Sri., lUUJ, pp. 93-07). — Observations on temperature, pressure, rainfall, 

 humidity, velocity of wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual ]>henomena are sum- 

 marized for each month of 1901. 



The meteorological year, 1902 {Bid. S/a. AijnDi. [L(io)i], ..'. .ser., IS {1903), pp. 

 7-lG). — Observations at Laon on atmospheric pjressure, temperature, rainfall, cloudi- 

 ness, condition of crops, etc., are recorded for each month of the year. 



The geographic determinants of climate, L. Dujias {L'Ing. Agr. Gemhlou.i; 13 

 (190o), Xo. <S', pp. S39-3:iG, Jigi<. J). — The influence of the movements of the sun on 

 climate is discussed and shown graphically. Jt is claimed that weather conditions 

 are n>ost unsettled during the passage of the sun from the southern to the northern 

 hemisphere, less so during the return in the opposite direction. The isrincipal cen- 

 ters of disturbance as regards Europe seems to be the Venezuelan llanos and the 

 South Saharan desert. They cause a predominance of a marine climate over a con- 

 tinental climate in western FAirope. The influence of the moon in dissipating 

 acpieous vapor and on rainfall and the formation of lunar halos and coronas are also 

 briefly discussed. 



Investigation of the upper atmosphere by means of kites in cooperation 

 with a committee of the Royal Meteorological Society, W. M. Shaw et al. ( lipit. 

 BrlthlL Axsoc. Adr. Sri., 190J, jip. 77-SO). — Apparatus installed on the island of 

 Crinan, west coast of Scotland, is descriljed, and data for 68 flights are reported. 

 The results indicate "that the apparatus and methods are effective for securing 

 vahiable information as to the upjier air in various conditions of weather." 



WATER— SOILS. 



Evaporation from a -water surface, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 

 ^0, 31). — Observations were made as follows: "A galvanized iron tank 3 ft. square 

 by 14 in. in depth painted black contained a second smaller tank 12 by 12 by 12 in. 

 in dimensions, likewise blai-kened. These were sunk in a grass \Aa,t level with the 

 surface of the ground. The small tank contained distille<l water and this tank within 

 the larger was surrounded with water. Daily measurements were made of the 

 amount of evaporation, and the results by months are given. . . . The total 

 auKjunt of water evaporated from a water surface for the 5 months. May to Sep- 

 tember, inclusive, was28. 12 in., or an average of 5.624 in. permonth, oradaily average 

 of 0.183 in. The total rainfall for the same period of time w"as . . . but little 

 more than one-half as much as the water evaporation for the same period, or an 

 average of 2.864 in. per month, or an average daily rainfall of 0.0936 in., as compared 

 with an evap(jration of 0.183 in. per day." 



Forests and underground -water, A. Tolskv and E. Hexky {Atin. iSci. Agron., 

 1903-3, I, No. 3, pp. 390-423). — Observaticjns made in Russia and France are reportetl 

 to show that the level of the ground water is decidedly lower under forests than 

 under cleared land. 



