270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



salsify which is due to the fungus Sporides^mmm scorzoner.r, n. sp. This fungus 

 attacks the leaves and stems of the black salsify, causing considerable injury. It is 

 believed that it could be controlled by S])raying the plants with Bordeaux mixture 

 after its first appearance is noted. 



The bitter rot of apples, H. von Schrenk and I*. Spaulping ( U. S. Depl. Agr., 

 Jliiiiiiii (if Jiuiil Iiidiistri/ Bill. 44, pp. 54, ph. 9,fujs. O) . — A description is given of the 

 bitter rot of apples, which is believed to have caused very serious losses to the apple 

 crop of the United States, the loss in 1900 being estimated at 110,000,000. An 

 account of the history, distribution, and a general description of the bitter-rot fun- 

 gus is given. The fungus, the complete stage of which is known as (llomerella nifo- 

 manduns, is described and the relation of the cankers, which were discovered by an 

 agent of the Department, to this disease is fully discussed. These cankers seem to 

 be the centers from which the disease spreads in cone-like areas through the trees, 

 and T)y inoculation experiments the authors have demonstrated that the conidial 

 spores of the canker would jiroduce the bitter rot on the aj)])les, and cultures from 

 diseased a])ples would produce the cankers on the tree branches. This fully demon- 

 strates the relation between the cankers of the trees and the disease of the fruits. 



The fungus is said to attack ripening apples during Jul}' and August, and is most 

 virulent during moist hot summers. It is widely distributed over the eastern United 

 States, being most active from Virginia to Oklahoma and southward. For the pre- 

 vention of the disease the authors recommend the cutting out of the canker-like 

 areas whenever discovered, and as a further precaution frequent sjjraying with B(jr- 

 deaux mixture until the fruits are nearly ripe. 



On the infection of apple trees vrith Fusicladium from species of Crataegus 

 and Sorbus, R. Aderhold {Arh. K. GesundheHsamte, Biol. Aht., 3 {1903), No. 4, 

 pp. 4-^'>-4SO,fiijs. 2). — Asa result of an extended investigation the author seems to be 

 inclined to the belief that it ia possible to reciprocally inoculate certain of these 

 organisms from one host to another. 



A cherry tree disease: its cause and prevention, R. Aderhold [Arb. K. 

 Gesiimlheitmmte, Biol. Aht., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. 309-363, j)h. 3, figs. 7).— Since 1898 

 there has been noticed on the cherry trees along the Rhine River a very destructive 

 disease that has been referred to various causes, but is now definitely determined as 

 due to the fungus J^dsa leiiros^toma. The fungus attacks the larger branches and main 

 stems of the trees, gaining access, in part at least, through the injuries caused by late 

 freezes. From these centers the fungus develops, causing a one-sided growth of the 

 twig and presenting a cancer-like appearance accompanied by a copious flow of gum. 

 By the subsequent growth and spread of the fungus the branch or stem becomes 

 girdled, resulting in its destruction. The author discusses the history of the disease, 

 the fungus and its parasitism, which has been definitely established by numerous 

 inoculation experiments, and the relation of frosts to the disease, and suggests 

 methods of control. The methods recommended include cutting and burning the 

 dead and dying trees, cutting out infected areas where the attack is slight, and stimu- 

 lating the tree growth in various ways. 



The sooty mold of the olive, E. Zacharewicz {Rev. Vit., 20 {1903), No. 505, 

 pp. 209-215; Bid. Agr. Algcrie et Tunime, 9 {1903), No. 8, pp. 179-1SG).—X description 

 is given of the sooty mold of olives which is due to the presence of the fungus 

 Fumugo salirlna which develops over the various parts of the tree following the pres- 

 ence of the olive scale {Lecanium olese). In addition to the sooty mold the olive is 

 frequently attacked at the same time by the fungus Cycloconium oleaginum. This 

 fungus develoi)s on both surfaces of the leaves, on the pedicels bearing the fruits, but 

 rarely on the fruits themselves. To combat these diseases the author recommends 

 the application of a combined insecticide and fungicide which is composed of soap 1 

 kg., petroleum 4 liters, copper sulphate 1 kg., and water 100 liters. Directions are 

 given for the pre])aration of this mixture and suggestions for its application. Ordina- 



