ENTOMOLOGY. 595 



The California wash was used more extensively than any other insecticide, and the 

 lime-sulphiir mixture and the lime and potassium sulphid proved about equally 

 efficacious. Whitewash and Bordeaux mixture proved unsatisfactory. The Oregon 

 wash was also less effective than the California wash. Crude oil is regarded as a 

 very effective insecticide, but is considered somewhat dangerous in the hands of the 

 average orchard ist. Throughoiit the State nearly 40,000 trees were sprayed by 

 orchardists with the lime-sulphur mixture with satisfactory results. This remedy 

 adhered longest to the trees when apidied just before the appearance of the leaves. 

 Kerosene emulsion i)roved rather unsatisfactory as a summer treatment. 



The treatment of orchards infested with San Jose scale, W. Newell {Georgia 

 Stale Bd. Eiit. Bid. S, pp. 20, figs. 2) . — The author briefly discussed the insecticide 

 work which has been done by the Georgia State Board of Entomology since 1898. 

 During this period various materials, washes, and patent insecticides have been 

 tested, but none has proved satisfactory except oil treatments and lime-sulphur-salt 

 wash. 



In the use of oils the best results were obtained when they were applied in the form 

 of emulsions. In February, 1903, a large orchard was sprayed with regular strength 

 of lime-sulphur-salt wash, all trees being thoroughly coated. The results of this 

 application are presented in tabular form. It appears that the lime-sulphur-salt is 

 not immediately destructive to adult insects, but has the power for a considerable 

 time of preventing the larvae from establishing themselves. This insecticide also 

 destroys the scaly covering and exposes the mature insects to the action of the 

 weather and jjredaceous enemies. 



Further experiments with lime-sulphur-salt wash were conducted in a number of 

 other orchards and with uniformly gratifying results. In no instance was any injury 

 done to the trees except where the wash was applied after the buds were beginning 

 to open. Further experiments showed that this remedy could be applied as a sum- 

 mer treatment provided care was exercised not to cover the foliage and undergrowth. 

 The lime-sulphur-salt mixture was believed to be more effective and safer than any 

 of the emulsions and mixtures of oils. It is recommended that this remedy be 

 applied in December and again toward the end of February or first of March. 



The codling- moth, C. B. Simpson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 

 41, pp. 105, ph. 16, figs. 19). — The present Inilletin is the final report of the author on 

 his investigation of the codling moth of the Northwest. Previous preliminary reports 

 have already been noted (E. S. R., 14, pp. 468, 536). 



The subject of the codling moth is discussed in a general manner, the following 

 topics being included in the bulletin: Systematic position of the codling moth, vari- 

 eties, geographical distribution, means of spread, depredations, food habits, life his- 

 tory, and means of combating the insect. The author concludes that there are but 

 2 broods of codling moth per year in the arid parts of the West, and that the exist- 

 ence of a third brood is not yet proved. In controlling the codling moth spraying 

 with arsenicals is recommended at 2 periods corresponding to the 2 generations of the 

 insect. At the early period 2 applications should be made, 1 a few days after the 

 petals fall and the other about 2 weeks later. In Idaho the second generation of 

 larvfe begin to enter the apples about the last week in July and the third spraying is 

 required at this period. 



In addition to spraying, banding the trees and the destruction of larvaj in wind- 

 falls are recommended. The author concludes that by the use of proper preventive 

 measures, such as spraying and banding for a period of years, the injury from the 

 codling moth may be reduced from nearly 100 per cent to from 5 to 10 per cent. A 

 bibliography of literature on the codling moth is appended to the bulletin. 



When to spray for codling- moth, G. Quinn {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 

 7 {1903), No. 3, p. 140). — The author recommends that the first spraying should be 

 made when the young fruits are just formed, and the second 9 or 10 days later. 



