DAIRY B^ARMING DAIRYING. 715 



milk per hour. It is noted tliat factories are established in Germany, France, Bel- 

 gium, Holland, England and Norway; and that milk so treated has been on the 

 market for about 1 year. 



In determining the fat in homogenized milk the Adams method gave much lower 

 results than the Gottlieb method. 



Report upon the results vrith different kinds of pure and impure milk in 

 infant feeding in tenement houses and institutions of New York City: A 

 clinical and bacteriological study, W. H. Park and L. E. Holt {Sanitarian, 52 

 {1904), -Vo. 410, pp. 13-41). — It was the purpose of this investigation to compare the 

 results of infant feeding in tenement houses in winter and summer and to determine 

 how far such results were due to the character of the milk used, and also to what 

 extent the results were modified by the care the infants received and the surroundings 

 in which they lived. 



The observations were made by a number of physicians during the summers of 

 1901 and 1902 and the intervening winter. In each case the period of observation 

 was about 10 weeks and the conditions were, as far as possible, the same as before 

 this period. Nearly all the infants were observed in their homes twice a week. 



A bacteriological study was made of the milk used. In all 239 varieties of bac- 

 teria were isolated. Of this number 139 were grown in pure cultures and fed to 

 kittens without injurious effects except in one instance. The results, as a whole, 

 show no relation between special varieties of bacteria in milk and the health of 

 infants. Several forms of milk were used, the poorest being that purchased from 

 small stores. The bacteriological content of this milk ranged in the summer of 1901 

 from 4,000,000 to 200,000,000, and averaged about 20,000,000 per cubic centimeter. 

 In the summer of 1902 it averaged about 3,000,000. During the winter the number 

 of bacteria in the store milk ranged from 100,000 to 5,000,000, and averaged 400,000 

 per cubic centimeter. The form of heating milk generally employed was found to 

 kill from 95 to 99 per cent of the bacteria. 



Of the 211 cases under observation in the winter, 156 did well, 41 did fairly well, 

 8 did badly, and 6 died. Of the 421 cases under observation in the summer, 184 did 

 well, 108 did fairly well, 88 did badly, and 41 died. The great difference in the 

 results between winter and summer conditions is ascribed primarily to heat, bacteria 

 and their products in the milk being considered a secondary factor except where 

 contamination was extreme or pathogenic organisms were present. 



"During cool weather neither the mortality nor the health of the infants observed 

 in the investigation was appreciably affected by the kind of milk or by the number 

 of bacteria which it contained. . . . During hot weather, when the resistance of the 

 children was lowered, the kind of milk taken influenced both the amount of illness 

 and the mortality; those who took condensed milk and cheap store milk did the 

 worst, and those who received breast milk, pure bottled milk, and modified milk 

 did the best. The effect of bacterial contamination was very marked w'hen the 

 milk was taken without previous heating; but, unless the contamination was very 

 excessive, only slight when heating was employed shortly before feeding. . . . When 

 milk of average quality was fed sterilized and raw, those infants who received milk 

 previously heated did, on the average, much better in warm weather than those who 

 received it raw. The difference was so quickly manifest and so marked that there 

 could be no mistaking the meaning of the results." Children over 3 j'ears of age 

 were not ordinarily affected at any season of the year by the bacteria in the milk 

 unless the contamination was excessive. 



Pasteurization of milk: Conditions and processes necessary for the 

 destruction of pathogenic bacteria without injuring the quality of the 

 products, :M. HEXSEVALand (J. .Millie {Rer. (Ihi. Lait, J {1903), Xo^. 4, pp. 73-SO; 

 5, pp. 97-103; 0, pp. 121-126). — This is essentially a review of recent investigations 



