ENTOMOLOGY. 979 



caterpillars. On sprayed trees 13.9 per cent of the leaves and 9 per cent of the apples 

 were injured, while on unsprayed trees 71.7 of the leaves and 50 per cent of the fruit 

 were injured. 



The experiments with limc-sulphur-caustic-soda wash indicate that the wash pre- 

 pared in this w-ay may not give as uniformly good results in the treatment of scale 

 insects as does the common linie-sulphur-salt wash prepared by boiling. The wash 

 proved to be beneficial not only in destroying the insects already mentioned, but in 

 preventing the development of peach leaf-curl and apple scab. The wash is there- 

 fore considered to have valuable fungicidal properties. 



Sulphur sprays for orchard trees, F. II. Hall et al. {New York Slate Sla. Bui. 

 247, popular ed., pp. 11, Jhjs. ;.^). — A popular summary of the above bulletin. 



Experiments with sulphur sprays for the fall treatment of the San Jose 

 scale, F. J. Parrott and J. S. IIousek {Ohio Sla. Bui. 144, pp- 13, ph. 4). — Since 

 sprays containing sulphur seemed to promise good results when used in the fall, a 

 number of experiments were made by the authors to test the value of these remedies 

 when thus applied. In experiments with lime-suliihur-salt wash an onthard was 

 selected which contained 41 peach and 57 i>lum trees. The wash contained 15 lbs. 

 each of lime, sulphur, and salt per 50 gal. of water, and was boiled for 1 hour. 



The results of the application were not immediately manifested, but became 

 apparent during the following season. More new wood and more foliage was pro- 

 duced upon the sprayed than upon the control trees. The San Jose scale appeared 

 to be practically exterminated as the result of spraying the peach trees. On the 

 plum trees, however, less satisfactory results were obtained. The Oregon wash was 

 tested on peach and plum trees; the formula used contained 15 lbs. of lime, 15 lbs. 

 of sulphur, and Ih lbs. of copper sulphate per 50 gal. of water. As a rule the trees 

 were much lienefited by the treatment. 



A soda-sulphur Avash containing 20 ll)s. of lime, 10 lbs. of sulphur, 10 lbs. of salt, 

 and 5 lbs. of caustic soda per 50 gal. of water, was api^lied to a number of apple 

 trees. This wash appeared to have little effect in destroying the scale. The formula 

 for the lime-sulphur-salt wash preferred by the authors contains 50 lbs. each of lime, 

 sulphur, and salt per 150 gal. of water, and it is recommended that the mixture be 

 boiled for 1 hour. In fall spraying it is recommended that the application be made 

 as soon as the majority of the leaves have fallen. 



Some results with the lime and sulphur washes in Ohio, A. F. Burge.ss 

 {Proc. >Soe. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1904, PP- 134-141, pl- 1)- — Experiments were carried on 

 in Ohio during which apple, peach, and pear trees were sprayed with the California 

 and Oregon washes. These treatments were compared with treatment by means of 

 kerosene oil. Formulas are given for the preparation of the washes, together with 

 notes on the cost of materials. The sulphur washes were applied March 14 to 20. 



The results of these experiments indicate clearly that the lime and sulphur wash 

 is the most satisfactory winter treatment for the San Jose scale. It may be applied 

 at anytime after the leaves have fallen and is ajiplied more easily if diluted with hot 

 water. The wash has no ajipreciable effect upon the trees and destroys nearly all 

 of the scale insects. It was also observed that peach leaf-curl was almost entirely 

 {irevented by the application of the lime-sulphur wash. 



The mulberry scale (Diaspis pentagona), O. Leonardi {Bol. R. Scuola Sape- 

 r lore Agr. Portici, 2. ser., 1003, No. S, pp. :?3,Jigs. J). — This scale inse(;t is described 

 in detail in all its stages, and notes are given on its life history. The female scales 

 and young larvaj are most injurious. In combating the pest the author recommends 

 the exercise of strict precaution in quarantining trees received from infested localities, 

 the destruction of badly infested trees, and spraying with kerosene emulsion and 

 emulsions made of heavy tar oils. Copies are given of municipal decrees regarding 

 means of combating this insect, and a list of infested localities is added. 



The scale disease of the carob tree, P. Gennadius {Cyprus Jour., 1 {1904), No. 



