ECONOMIC ZOOLOG? — ENTOMOLOGY. 57 



destructive effect upon the mosquitoes. Chloronaphtholeum is found to be valuable 

 ae a genera] disinfectant, bul is of little use in sail water, In experiments with 

 copper sulphate the larva? were killed in a certain percentage of cases, bul quite 

 gradually and apparently by an indirect rather than a dired action. The larva? 

 of Chilex pipien8 succumbed within 7 - J hours in water containing copper Bulphate 

 at the rate of l to 53,500. In some ea.-e-, however, the larvae survived for 24 



hours when the copper sulphate wa- used ;it the rate of I to 308 part- of Water. 

 The pupa' were not inueh affected by copper sulphate. The activity of copper 

 sulphate was somewhat greater in salt water. A tot of lime showed that this 



substance must be used in large quantities in order to he effective. < Ihlorid of lime 

 was more effective, and when used at the rate of 14 grains in l <jt. of water kills the 

 larvae hut not the pupae. 



The use of sulphate of copper alone, and in combination with lime, for the 

 destruction of mosquito iarvee, as a deodorant, and as a disinfectant, A. II. 

 Doty {Med. Rec. [A'. )".], 67 {1905), No. 8, pp. 90-92).— A test was made of the value 

 of solutions of copper sulphate and lime alone or in combination in the destruction 

 of mosquito larva- in v. iter. 



The copper sulphate was used at the rate of 12 grains for each gallon of water, and 

 lime was added In equal quantity. In these experiments it was found that the com- 

 bination of cop er sulphate and lime was considerably more effective than either 

 substance used alone, although lime was quite effective alone. The action of these 

 substances in the control of mosquito larvae appears to be due to the destruction of 

 the food substances upon which the larvae live. 



The effect of Aspergillus niger and A. glaucus on the larvae of Culex and 

 Anopheles, B. Galli-Valerio and Jeanne Rochaz-de Jongh {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 

 l. Abt, Orig., 88 {1905), No. 2, pp. 174-177, figs. 2).— A number of bacterial and 

 fungus organisms were studied for determining their effect upon mosquito larva' in 

 water. 



It was found that the spores of Aspergillus niger and .1. glaucus were capable of 

 infecting mosquito larva- and causing evident disease within* from 24 to 48 hours. 

 After infection with A. niger the intestines of mosquito larva- were protruded in the 

 form of a lon^ r tubular organ of a greenish or black color and rilled with the spores 

 and mycelium of the fungus. These experiments were made in glass vessels in the 

 laboratory. 



Similar experiments out of doors in pools containing stagnant water were less suc- 

 cessful. A much smaller percentage of the larva- became infected. Fish were not 

 attacked by the fungi, and the authors believe that this method may be depended 

 upon to assist in controlling mosquitoes. 



Microscopic mites, C. Fuller {Natal Agr. .lour, mid Min. /.'<<•., 7 ( 1904), No. 9, 

 pp. 849-866, figs. 10). — A brief general account is given of the anatomy and biology 

 of mites injurious to animals. Special attention is devoted to Sarcoptes 8Cabii i of man, 

 and the varieties of this species which attack domestic animals causing scabies or 

 scab. Biological and economic notes are also presented on various Other species of 

 mites parasitic on cattle, goats, dogs, cats, and poultry. 



Cattle ticks and blood-sucking- flies of the Dutch East Indies, J. C. 

 Koningsberger ( Veeartsenijk. Bl. Nederland Indie, to {1908), No. 9, pp. 141-147, 

 pi. 1). — A brief account is presented of Rkipicepkalua iiinmhifns, li. decolorotus, /«'. 

 australis, Amblyomma testudinarium, and a number of blood-sucking Hies including 

 species of Tabanus and Stomoxys. 



The biology of ticks, P. Megnin {Jour. A, mi. ,t Physiol [Paris], 40 {1904 

 6, pp. 569-589, figs. 4)- — According to the present system of classification. 294 species 

 are recognized as belonging to the family [xodidse. Of this number, 20 have been 

 found on dogs. Nearly all species of ticks, however, may be found on a considera- 

 ble variety of animals, since no strict choice in this matter is exercised by the ticks. 



