ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY- - ENTOMOLOGY. 267 



remedies. The coal and economy of spraying are discussed. From 90 to 95 percent 

 ai tin- apples may be saved by proper spraying. 



The struggle with the codling moth, \Y. I. bead i Canad. i'.nt.. 57 ( 1905), 



\,,. 6, pp. /■■ The anthoi briefly summarizes the various methods which 



have been found successful in combating the codling moth. 



The codling moth, \Y. .!. Green and J. S. Hoi seb I Ohio Sta. Bui. 160, pp. 191 

 //.;, pis. r, i. The codling moth is described in its various stages, with notes on its 

 life history. 



It was found thai 72 percent of the worms left the apples before theyfell. The 

 If-ti uction <>f windfall apple-, therefore, seems to be of little avail. About L6 per 

 •cut of tli<' worms were caught under bands. Adult larvae were found through- 

 out the growing season until October 13. The evidence obtained by the authors 

 Indicated 2 annual generations. In spraying experiments 91 percent of the apples 

 iroiii sprayed trees and 57 percent of those from unsprayed trees were free from 

 Arms. Arsenate of lead proved superior to arsenite of soda, and was not affected 

 l>y mixing with Bordeaux mixture. This combination is recommended forcontroll- 

 ■g apple scab and codling moth. 



Preliminary report on the codling moth in the Yakima Valley, E. Jenne 

 ( Washington Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 16, figs. S). —As the result of a study of this pest in the 

 Yakima Valley it was found that the insect is double brooded, with a partial third 

 •rood. 



All commercial orchards in the valley are sprayed from :; to 10 times. The loss 

 >om the codling moth in sprayed orchards is from 5 to 15 percent. Of the larva' 

 A-hich leave infested apples about 40 per cent crawl down the trunk of the tree and 

 nay be induced to pupate under properly placed bands. It is suggested that trees 

 ie sprayed first before the calyx closes and a second time 2 weeks later. For the 

 jecond brood trees may be sprayed July 20, and August 5 and 80. 



Some destructive grape pests in Ohio, A. F. Buegess ( Ohio I>> pt. Agr., TKv. Nur- 

 leryand Orchard Inspection Bui. 5, pp. 17, figs. 4)- — Statistics are presented regarding 

 he extent of grape culture in Ohio. The most important insect enemies of the grape 

 n Ohio are grape root-worm, grape berry moth, and grape-blossom bud-gnat. The 

 uibits and life history of these 3 species are discussed in some detail, and suitable 

 •emedies are rerommeiided for each pest. 



Iii general it is urged that grapes be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture before the 

 '!■ — ms open, a second time with Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead while the 

 ►lossoms are falling, a third time after an interval of 10 to 14 days, and a fourth time 

 ifter another interval of about 10 days. 



The most effective insecticidal treatment for the white fly, W. Stuart 1 '< r- 

 nont Sta. Rpt. 1904, pp. 429-431). — The white fly is a serious pest in winter-forcing 

 wnatoes. Nicoticide, Aphis Punk, Fir-tree Oil, Lemon Oil, and X-all were tried ami 

 bund to lie of little avail. 



Hydrocyanic-acid gas proved very effective. The cyanid was used at the rate of 

 1.014 to 0.2 gm. per cubic foot of space. The tomatoes were somewhat injured w hen 

 he temperature of the greenhouse was high, but not at low temperatures, ami the 

 \hite fly was killed. Fumigation with dosesof \ Oz. per 1,000 cu. ft. of -pace is rec- 

 ommended. At this rate the temperature should be60to65° F. and the exposure of 

 leveral hours' length. 



Recent invasions of forest insects in Lorraine and means of combating 

 •hem, E. Henry i /.'/'/. Soc. Sci. Nancy, S. ser., 5 I 1904), - v "- t, />/>■ 15S-17S, pfe. S).— 

 V general account is given of injuries from forest insects in Lorraine, with especial 

 totes on Hylobius abietis, Pissodes notatus, Tomicus bidentatus, Tortrix viridana, etc. 



The remedies recommended against these forest pestS are largely Of preventive 

 lature and consist in the destruction of the insects in their breeding places and the 

 ise of trap trees. 



