NOTES. 615 



A paper entitled Factors Determining the Price of Sugar was read by 1". R. Rutter. 

 He discussed [)rincipally the deviations in the price of BUgar in the United States 

 from the world price. The price of raw sugar at New York, after paying shipping 

 charges and import duties and allowing for difference in grade, is frequently lower 

 than the price of sugar at Hamburg for exportation. This decline is most marked 

 from December to June of each year, due to the heavy imports of Hawaiian and 



f Cuban sugar, which, together with the Louisiana output, more than suffices for the 

 current need of re liners. The temporary excess in the supply results in a temporary 

 reduction in domestic prices below the parity of the world price. From July to 

 December recourse is necessary to sugar Bubjecl to the full tariff rate-, especially 

 Java and < ierman sugar. 



Louisiana is under a special disadvantage, since 80 to 85 per cent of its total output 

 is sold in November, December, and .January when the price pai<l for refined grades 

 is l:; to p.t cents per LOO lbs. less than the New York quotations, due to shipping 

 charges. The reduction in the price of raw sugar below w hat is termed the normal 

 affects only indirectly, if at all, the price of refined. The price of refined sugar in 

 New York is usually kept materially above the cost of imported German granulated 

 sugar after allowing for shipping charges. 



\Y. R. Dodson addressed the section <>n the Utilization of the By-products of the 

 Cane Sugar and Rice Mills. The process of manufacture by which rice hulls, rice 

 bran, and rice polish) are obtained was described, and the value of these various 

 materials for stock feeding and other purposes was discussed. One bag of rice was 

 stated to yield from 8 to It) lbs. of rice polish and aboul •';<' lbs. of rice bran. From 

 tlu> total rice crop of Louisiana about 24,000,000 lbs. of rice polish, worth about 

 $375,000, and 90,000,000 lbs. of bran should he obtained. 



Much of the rice polish is exported to Germany and manufactured into buttons 

 and sundry small articles. In Louisiana it is extensively used as a feeding stuff. As 

 the result of investigations made to show the feeding value of rice bran, the price has 

 risen from S4-Sn' per ton to siisi:>. The value and use of molasses as a feeding 

 stuff was discussed in considerab! 'detail. This material is now widely used to bring 

 up the carbohydrate portion of rations unusually rich in protein. 



A paper on Teaching Agriculture in Rural Schools was presented by W. F. Massey. 

 He stated that as at present constituted our rural schools do not prepare students for 

 courses in agriculture. This preparatory work must, therefore, ho done by the agri- 

 cultural college, as a result of which it requires 4 years to do - years real college 

 work. School gardens were considered of great usefulness in cultivating habits >>i 

 industry and respect for labor. The great problem at the present time is to enthuse 

 and train teachers for the work, encouraging to the utmost the capable ones already 

 interested in teaching. 



The Relation of Forests to Soil and Climate was discussed by W. R. Lazenby. 

 Because of the destruction of forests nine-tenths of Ohio is required to produce what 

 three-fourths of tin- State formerly did; soils rapidly lose their summer moisture; 

 springs and wells are failing; streams and rivers are more variable in their flow; 

 droughts are more severe and floods more common. European experience was cited 

 to show that from one-fourth to one-third of any considerable area should he occu- 

 pied with trees. In Ohio the ratio of wooded to cleared land is about 1 to 10, and the 

 forests are still being removed. 



It was urged thai land which can not he cultivated or is now cultivated at a loss 



be set aside for timber growii g, and that for every tree cut down two better ones be 

 planted until one-fourth of the area of the timber-growing sections of the United 

 States he restocked with trees. It was argued that if the effort- of fanners were con- 

 centrated on smaller areas larger, better, and more remunerative crops would be 

 secured. 



