ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 675 



incuts (E. S. R.j Ki, p. 651), the adherence to vegetation of different solutions of 

 copper has been studied. Winn applied to field conditions, their earlier theoretical 

 conclusions were confirmed to some extent. 



The relative adherence of the differenl solutions when freshly prepared is given in 

 the following order: Those fungicides containing soap, bicarbonate of soda, neutral 

 carbonate of soda, lime, potassium carbonate, eau celeste, and verdigris; fungicides 

 containing gelatin; those to which molasses is added; and finally, neutral verdigris 

 solution. All the solutions were found to be more adherent if applied when very 

 fresh. Bordeaux mixture preserves its adherence for an especially longtime if the 

 temperature is high, while the fungicides containing soda compounds, as well as Bur- 

 gundy mixture, and those containing soap rapidly lose their adhesiveness when the 

 temperature becomes very high. 



The fungicides in most common use are grouped in the following order, based upon 

 their adherence: Those containing carbonate of soda and Burgundy mixture, Bor- 

 deaux mixture, and neutral verdigris solution. 



The adherence of copper fungicides, E. Chuakd and F. Poechet I Rev. l'<7., .", 

 (1905), No. 604, /'/>■ 88-87).— Reviewing the work of Guillon and Gouirand (E.S.R., 

 10, p. 651) the authors claim that the conclusions given for adherence are based upon 

 theoretical considerations and are not applicable to field practice. 



To test the adherence of Bordeaux mixture, soda Bordeaux, and verdigris solutions 

 experiments were carried on in 9 districts, the different solutions being sprayed upon 

 the vines in 2 or 3 per cent solutions for the Bordeaux mixtures and 1 per cent solu- 

 tion for the verdigris, the quantity of liquid used varying from 890 liters per hectare 

 for the first treatment to 1,330 liters for the fourth treatment. 



Summarizing the authors' observations the solutions may be ranked in the follow- 

 ing order, based upon the average of all their investigations: Neutral verdigris the 

 most adherent, followed by what is called an adherent mixture of verdigris, Bordeaux 

 mixture, and Masson's solution. Under the meteorological conditions in the vine- 

 yards of Vaud the neutral verdigris solution was by far the most adherent of any of 

 the fungicides tested. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Winter manual of practice in economic zoology, II. A. Gossabd (Ohio Sito. 



/>'"/. /'.;, pp. .!>;, figs. 11). — In order to outline correct practice in combating injurious 

 insects during different seasons of the year, the author proposes to issue a manual 

 on this subject for each of the 4 seasons. The present one is the first of the series. 



.Many of the insects mentioned in this bulletin may be more effectively controlled 

 by insecticide work during other seasons than winter, but good work can be done in 

 winter and the farmer usually has considerable spare time during this season. Atten- 

 tion is called to the importance of clean farming and fall plowing in the control of 

 insect pests. These practices are important in general field work, and even more so 

 in the vegetable garden. 



Notes are given on the condition in which various insects hibernate, such as cut- 

 worms, grasshoppers, asparagus beetles, squash bug, squash borer, pea weevil, 

 cucumber beetle, Harlequin cabbage bug, bean weevil, etc. The relation of birds to 

 the farmer is also briefly discussed, with an account of the feeding habits of chicka- 

 dee, white-breasted nuthatch, golden-crowned kinglet, blue birds, woodpeckers, 

 hawks, owls, shrikes, etc. 



In a discussion of orchard practice, attention is called to the winter state of certain 

 orchard pests, including various plant lice, scale insects, tent caterpillars, fall welt- 

 worm, codling moth, bud moth, apple-tree borers, fruit-tree bark-borer, pear psylla, 

 plum curculio, peach-tree borer, and other pests affecting cherry,. grape, and small 

 fruits. These pests and others are presented in a table showing the crop affected, 



