972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



germinate. The second heating is for the purpose of killing all the spores that have 

 thus germinated. Should any spores still remain, they will be killed at the third 

 heating. It is absolutely essential that all micro-organisms be killed in order to 

 prevent the spoiling of the canned goods. It is recommended that in canning fruits 

 containing pita the pits be first removed, as there is danger of the pits germinating if 

 kept in a warm temperature. An investigation was made of the organisms which 

 cause the spoiling of corn and peas. In the swelled cans of both these products the 

 same organism was found. It is described as an obligate anaerobe, which readily 

 forms long oval spores situated near the end of single rods, and in microscopical 

 appearance and cultural characteristics is identical with Bacillus spinosus. 



Experiments were made to determine the thermal death point of this organism 

 and its spores, pure cultures being submitted to different temperatures for different 

 lengths of time, beginning with 160° F. Even after heating to 200° F. for 30 min- 

 utes, the material made a strong bacterial growth. Some notes are given on the 

 action of enzyms in canned goods and the micro-organisms which produce poisonous 

 ptomaines. Relative to the reheating of canned goods which have swelled as a result 

 of fermentation, the author states that this material is dangerous and should be 

 thrown away. 



In the preparation of sweet cider sterilized beer bottles were rilled to the neck 

 with the fresh material and then put into a chest into which steam was turned and 

 the temperature of the material raised to 160° F. for 10 minutes. The bottles were 

 then corked with sterilized corks and tied in, and after 24 hours the bottles were 

 again heated to the same temperature and the operation repeated the next day for 

 the third time. Thus treated the material maintained its flavor without any cooked 

 taste and remained sweet indefinitely. It is stated that the same method may be 

 used in preparing other kinds of fruit juices. 



Small canneries in Virginia, R. H. Price (Rpt. Va. Farmers' Inst., 2 (1905), 

 pp. 115-120).— Estimates as to cost of machinery and supplies for the canning indus- 

 try, with data as to the number of cans obtained from a bushel of various fruits and 

 vegetables. 



Report of fruit experiment stations of Ontario, 1905, L. Woolvertox et al. 

 (Ann. Rpt. Fruit Expt. Stas. Ontario, 12 (1005), pp. SO). — A general report is given. 

 by the secretary showing the fruits distributed for testing to all the different fruit 

 stations with an account of visits to various stations, and of the more prominent lines 

 of work outlined for 1906. The report of the instructor of the fruit experiment sta- 

 tions, Prof. H. L. Hutt, is included, together with the papers read at a meeting of the 

 Fruit Growers' Association, and a detailed report of the experimenters at the differ- 

 ent stations relative to the different varieties of orchard and small fruits under test. 



Fruits recommended for planting in Ontario [Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 147, pp. 

 11). — Lists are given of the varieties of orchard and small fruits which succeed best 

 in each of the different districts of Ontario. 



Fruit cultivation in Ceylon, H. F. Macmillax (Trap. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. 

 Soc, 25 (1905), No. ■>', />/>. 480-497, pis. 2). — A general discussion of this subject with 

 specific reference to many of the edible and inedible fruits grown in Ceylon, and 

 illustrations of 51 edible and 69 inedible fruits. 



Experiments in orchard culture, W. M. Munson (Maine Sta. Bui. 122, pp. 

 181-204, pi. 1, dgms. 4)- — A further report is given on the orchard fertilizer experi- 

 ments reported by the author for the year 1902 (E. S. R., 15, p. 39). 



Considerable weakness has been developed in the seedling stocks used, which 

 illustrates the advantage of using some well-known hardy vigorous sort as the 

 foundation of the orchard, rather than miscellaneous seedlings. The main purpose 

 of the experiments is to determine the relative value of cultivation and mulching 

 for orchards with or without fertilizers. Generally speaking, the cultivated trees 

 have made a larger growth than the uncultivated, and those fertilized more than 



