ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 1089 



Among the injurious species of which brief notes are given are woolly aphis, red- 

 humped apple-worm, oyster-shell bark-louse, and apple-leaf miner. 



The periodical cicada in 1906, C. L. Maki.mi U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. ( "n-<-. 

 f4, pp. 5, Jigs. S) . — During the present season two broods of the periodical cicada 

 will reappear, one bejnga L7-year br land distributed from Illinois to Massachu- 

 setts and southward to Georgia. The other is the 13-year br 1 and is distributed 



in North Carolina, < reorgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Brief notes are given od the 

 damage done by this pest The broods are expected to appear about the last week 

 in May. 



Studies in grasshopper control, J. S. IIiniiik ( California Sin. Bui. l'J), pp. .'■■', 

 Ags. 11 ).— During 1904, grasshoppers were very injurious in the San Joaquin Valley, 

 where they hatched out in April or earlier and appeared in targe numbers early in 

 May. Various crops arc raised on the infested ground, but in one locality the grass- 

 hoppers were found very injurious in an area of about 2,000 acres devoted to alfalfa. 

 The species concerned in this outbreak are Clinopleura melanopleura, Melanoplus wrti- 

 formis, M. devastator, and CEdaleonotus enigma. 



In combating grasshoppers it was found possible to destroy the young insects by 

 burning the grass where the ground was fairly well covered. The winged form were 

 also destroyed by the same means if the work was done during cool nights. Consid- 

 erable success was had in poisoning grasshoppers, not by theCriddle mixture, which 

 was unsatisfactory, but by the use of a poison bait which contained 5 lbs. of arsenic 

 in 40 lbs. of bran moistened with 2 gal. of molasses. Hbpperdozers could not be 

 used as effectively in orchards an in alfalfa fields. Occasionally good results could be 

 obtained by smoking the grasshoppers out of the fields. Near Newman the injuri- 

 ous species was Melanoplus differentialis. This pest defoliated vineyards and orchard 

 trees, eating the fruit. 



The Hessian fly, V. M. Webster ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Oirc. 70, pp. 16, 

 figs. 16). — A general account is presented of this important insect of wheat with notes 

 on its early history, appearance, stages, habits, distribution, food plants, and injuries. 



There appears to be no variety of fly-proof wheat, although macaroni wheat is 

 somewhat less injured than other kinds. The natural enemies of the pest are dis- 

 cussed, and notes are given on the various remedies which have been tried for this 

 insect, late sowing, crop rotation, burning of stubble, destruction of volunteer wheat, 

 use of fertilizers, preparation of the soil, and use of good seed. In preventing the 

 attacks of the Hessian fly the author recommends that good seed should be Sown in 

 well-prepared soil after the larger part of the fall brood has made its appearance. In 

 spring seeding it is believed that the earlier wheat is sown the less danger there will 

 be from the Hessian fly. 



Some insects affecting the production of red clover seed, F. M. "Webster 

 [U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Oirc. 69, pp. 9, figs. 8). — Particular attention is given in 



this circular to the clover-flower midge and clover-seed ehalcis. 



It is believed that the clover-flower midge does not really infest the seed but lays 

 its eggs in the ovaries before fertilization has taken place. The clover-seed ehalcis, 

 however, lives in the seeds only. No insects like bumblebees are able to fertilize 

 • lover which has been infested with the clover-flower midge. This insect is described 

 in all its stages and notes are given on its life history. It has been reported as quite 

 common in England and occurs in this country wherever clover is grown. 



The best methods of controlling it consist in cutting clover not later than the sec- 

 ond week in June in fields where clover is grown without much admixture of 

 timothy. This operation seems to destroy the larva- of tin' midge and also to hasten 

 the second blooming so that the flowers are to., far advanced for infestation by the 

 midge. In cases where clover and timothy are grown mixed, the same results may 

 be obtained by pasturing clover in the spring so as to delay the flowering period. 



