292 BULLETIN OF THE 



but would be inclined to unite the toothed Galerites with Echinidae proper 

 in the same suborder, as a prophetic family, approaching the Clypeas- 

 troids by the separation of the anus from the apical system, and retain- 

 ing the teeth and general symmetrical structure of the regular Echini. 

 Though I am aware that the great development of Galerites in former 

 geological periods, and the relation of the anus and test, may, on further 

 acquaintance With living representatives, entitle them to rank as a sub- 

 order intermediate between the Echini proper and Clypeastroids. Young 

 Echinolampadas, measuring a trifle over one eighth of an inch, are 

 elliptical, resembling Echinoneus, with a large transverse elliptical 

 mouth, the anus placed in the truncated posterior extremity above the 

 ambitus. The outline in profile is almost globular, each plate of the 

 narrow ambulacral zone carries a single principal tubercle, surrounded 

 by a circle of miliaries. The pores are arranged in a vertical row of a 

 single line of pores, three or four for each plate, extending from mouth 

 to apex. The interambulacral plates are elongated horizontally, and 

 carry from one to three principal tubercles, with numerous small 

 miliaries arranged in circles round the primaries, or irregularly scat- 

 tered. In specimens twice the size of the above, the test is less ellipti- 

 cal, more flattened, and the first trace of a rudimentary rosette appears 

 as a short row of double pores extending from the apex, consisting of 

 from eight to nine pairs, only in one of the poriferous zones of each of 

 the pairs of ambulacra — in the anterior zone of the posterior pair and 

 the posterior zone of the anterior pair of ambulacra — the odd ambula- 

 crum remains simple. In specimens measuring above half an inch this 

 rudimentary one-sided rosette has increased in length, and traces of the 

 second row of double pores are seen in the simple zones near the apex. 

 In specimens measuring an inch these rows have grown to be half as 

 long as the arc of the rosette first formed ; the same structure has also 

 extended to the abact'mal part of the odd ambulacrum. The elliptical 

 outline is entirely lost in these specimens, the shape having gradually 

 become, more circular, pentagonal, and ovoid. At the same time the 

 miliary tubercles increase rapidly in number, forming clusteis of 

 .small tubercles, embossing the plates of both areas. Tin' anal .-v>tem is 

 covered by three large triangular plates, the anus opening near the 

 edge of the system, in a narrow slit covered by very minute plates. 

 The mouth, as the young increase in size, becomes more and more 

 sunken. The buccal membrane is covered with minute plates, the 



