NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 



is not indicated by Green's description. It is not so large, has not the can- 

 thus rostralis, the larva is very small, and the coloration is quite diiferent. 

 Green's figure represents it well, though the Amblystoma jeffersonia- 

 n u ro, on the same plate, is represented as larger, a relation of size, the 

 reverse of what usually holds in nature. 



This is the only one of our eastern Salamanders which attempts self de- 

 fence. It snaps fiercely but harmlessly, and throws its body into contortions 

 in terrorem. It prefers the coolest localities throughout the Alleghany Moun- 

 tain region from New York to Alabama. It is aquatic, but prefers the still 

 waters of swamps or springs to running streams. It is common in the 

 region whence Green procured it, while A. microatomum is rare if 

 existing at all. 



ANAIDES Baird. 



Iconographic Encyclopaedia, ii, 1849, 256. Girard, United States Expl. Ex- 

 ped. Herpetology p. 8, tab. i, f, 18 — 25. 



Tongue attached from glossohyal to anterior margin, on the median line ; 

 considerably free. One premaxillary bone. Pterygoid teeth on a single plate. 

 Vomerine teeth on a ridge which is continuous between the interior nares. 

 Maxillary teeth* longer on the anterior than posterior part of the arch, com- 

 pressed, knife-shaped, with entire enamel ; mandibular teeth of similar 

 form and large development, few in number, and confined to the anterior 

 half of the ramus. Toes 4 — 5, obtuse and slightly dilated at tip. 



This curious genus is furnished with by far the most powerful dentition of 

 any existing Salamander, and resembles in this respect the genera of the 

 coal measures, Brachydectes, Hylerpeton and Hylonomus. In other points 

 there is little difference between it and Plethodon. One marked feature 

 brings it nearer Desmognathus than any other genus of Plethodontid». The 

 ? opisthotics are each furnished with a high longitudinal crest over which 

 the temporal muscle passes from its origin on the atlas. It has, however, the 

 usual origin from the median line of the parietals, which scarcely exists in 

 Desmognathus. This line is marked in A. 1 u g u b r i s by an elevated crest. 

 The end of the muzzle in that species bears evidence to a habit similar to that 

 which accompanies the singular structures of Desmognathus, viz., that of 

 burrowing or rooting among stones or other resisting objects. The derm is 

 similarly adherent to the bone, and the latter is exostosed and rugous. The 

 prefrontal bones are well developed. 

 No species has yet been found east of the Californian or Pacific Coast region. 



Large, stout; thumb developed, fingers short; pterygoid series narrow, 

 vomerines strongly curved backwards; width of head 4'5 to groin; light 

 brown above, with yellow spots A. 1 u gu b r i g. 



Smaller, slender; thumb not distinct, fingers long, slender; pterygoid 

 series wider, vomerine series scarcely recurved; width of head 6-33 times in 

 length to groin A. f er r ens. 



Anaides lugubbis Hallow. 



Salamandra ZM^fMSm Hallow., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1848,126. 

 Anaides lugubris, Baird, Iconogr. Encycl. ii, (1st ed.), 1849, 256 ; B. and G. in 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. vi, 1853, 302. Taricha lugubris Gray, Catal. 

 Amph. Brit. Mug. Parts ii, 1850, 26. 



Habitat. — California from Ft. Tejon to Oregon. 



Anaides ferreus Cope. 

 Spec. Nov. 

 This is a smaller and more slender species than the last, not being very 



* Girard 1. c. describes the teeth as not fixed to the jaw, and capable " of a depression 

 backwards." This is only true of successional teeth, or teeth about to be shed : the func- 

 tional teeth are firmly anchylosed, 



1869.] 



