BY WALTER W. FKOGGATT. '2,00 



Most subsequent writers have followed Low's classification. In 

 the same year Scott (18) formed a fifth subfamily for Walker's 

 two genera Carsidara and Tyora. 



The members of the. family have a wide geographical range. 

 Europe is particularly rich in numbers; Southern Asia and the 

 Northern parts of Africa have a fair supply. Riley and some of 

 the earlier writers have described the North American species, 

 and Scott several from South America. Buckton has dealt with 

 three from India, and Schwarz with one from Japan. They 

 appear to be more numerous in temperate climates, or dry semi- 

 desert lands, than in the tropics, and the dry open ranges of 

 Australia covered with stunted Eucalyptus shrubs are very rich 

 in species. 



The eggs are either bright yellow or brown, sometimes scattered 

 all over the foliage; at others, particularly in the case of the lerp- 

 producing species, clustered together in irregular rows from ten 

 to forty in number. Their form is generally elongate-oval, some- 

 times pointed at the extremities; and sometimes there is a slight 

 keel down the centre of the dorsal surface. The shell splits down 

 the centre when the tiny larva emerges. 



The larva is generally pale yellow, elongate in form, with the 

 head and the abdomen rounded at the extremities; the antenme 

 short, stout, and pointed at the tip; the eyes red, small, and 

 irregular in form; the legs stout and long, with the digitules of the 

 tarsi long. During its successive moults it may change its 

 colour several times; a bright yellow larva frequently changes to 

 bright green or red before its final moult into the full grown pupa; 

 the indications of the fuscous-brown or black dorsal marks 

 become more distinct and defined at each ecclysi.s, so that these 

 graduations of colour become very interesting to the observer. 

 Several winters have noticed this variation of colours. Reaumur 

 observed it as far back as 1773 (17), when studying species. The 

 larva at a very early stage of development shows two rounded 

 pads or projections upon the sides of the thoracic segments, which 

 afterwards form the wing-covers of the pupa, the transformations 

 being so gradual that it is difficult to define the borderland 





