494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jime, 



In all five of the nests I watched the rearing of progeny from the 

 deposit of the eggs through the larval and pupal stages to callows. 

 In the violet nests the young were as numerous and as advanced in 

 development at any one period of time as were the young in the orange 

 or the dark nest. It is certain that eggs, larvse and pupse may pass 

 their whole career normally and may develop into healthy callows, 

 spending all the dayhght hours under rays from which the ant-nurses 

 instinctively withdraw them. The base of the instinct must there- 

 fore lie in something other than injury done to the young by these 

 rays. 



In the latter part of June, 1903, the ants having been ten months 

 in these nests, I introduced into each of the five nests one cpieen and 

 five adult workers, all marked, from each of the other four nests. 

 The ants were introduced one by one, and were watched for some min- 

 utes thereafter until the manner of the reception of each was ascer- 

 tained. In no case was there sign of animosity toward an ant that 

 had lived ten months in daylight, in light-rays of another color, or in 

 the dark. After twent^'-four hours sjDent with their ancient comrades, 

 all the marked ants were alive and were taking part in the care of the 

 young. Later, I distributed all the ants in the five nests equally in 

 two other nests and they continued in peaceful association together. 

 These ants had not lost their aversion to aliens, for, when I introduced 

 such, they were soon torn in pieces. Ten months' residence in the light 

 of day, or under light-rays of different wave-length, does not cause a differ- 

 ence of contact-odors in the adult ants J 



Twenty callows reared in the violet nests from the deposit of the egg 

 upward,^ were segregated under violet rays in a Petri cell, for two weeks, 

 that they might separately estabhsh their nest-odor, and become en- 

 grossed in the care of young. Twenty callows reared in the orange nest 

 from the deposit of the egg upward were likewise segregated under 

 orange glass for two weeks. On the 12th of June I transferred, one by 

 one, about half the ants in each cell to the other cell. All were received 

 amicably and were permitted to share in the care of the j'oung. The 



' The color of the ants was not noticably altered by exposure to any of these 

 rays. All the callows acquired color like those in the dark nest. 



- Although the fact has no bearing upon the present series of experiments, 

 as all the callows in these nests were presumably the issue of queens, I here note 

 one of the records of the last few months. Four workers, of whom one was 

 major, two minor, one minim, were hatched from pupse segregated in one of 

 my Petri cells, in August, 1902. They lived always in segregation, never saw 

 a king, and on March 8, 1903, had laid nineteen eggs. Nine days later several of 

 the eggs had hatched and two of the larvae were well grown. There was no room 

 for doubt that these eggs were parthogenetic, or that they were laid by a worker 

 about six months old. 



