BY DR. R. VON LENDENFELD. 129 



spicules are contained in the fibres (31). He figures and describes 

 the three forms of calcareous spicules (32). He observed the ova, 

 the ciliated Embryo, and also, that this Embryo, after swimming 

 about for some, time, affixes itself (33). 



He considers Spongilja to be nearly related to the siliceous 

 marine sponges. (34.) 



Like Lamarck, Grant (35) partly indulged in the views we now 

 call " Darwinian." 



Darwin says in his introduction to the " Origin of Species" 

 that " Grant, in the concluding paragraph in his well-known paper 

 on the Spongilla, clearly declares his belief that species are 

 descended from other species and that they became improved in 

 the course of modification." 



Nardo (36) appears to have arrived at similarly sound con- 

 clusions as Grant, without knowledge of the latter's essays. 

 Dujardin (37) discovered the amoeboid movement of certain cells 

 in sponges in 1838. Laurent (38) two years later described the 

 propagation of Spongilla very minutely. 



In this period we find Huxley's and Owen's names in the 

 records of Spongiology, who, together with many other authors, 

 are building up a good foundation for future work. 



Dobie (39) discovered in 1852, the cilia on all the free surfaces 

 of a calcareous sponge. We can trace the improvements of the 



(31). R. E. Grant. Observations and experiments on the structure and 

 function of the Sponge, Edinburg, Philosophical Journal. Vol. XIII., and 

 XIV. 



(.32). R. E. Grant. Remarks on the structure of some calcareous Sponges. 

 Edinburg. New Philosophical Journal. Vol. I. 



(33). R. E. Grant. Observations on the spontaneous motions of the ova, etc. 

 Edinburg., New Phil. Journal. Vol I. 



(34.) R. E. Grant. On the structure and nature oj Spongilla fluviatilis. 

 Edinb. Phil. Journal. Vol. XIV. 



(35.) R. E. Grant, (1 c). Vol. XIV., p 283. 



(36.) J. Nardo. Classification cler Schwdmme. Isis., 1833, 1S34. 



(37.) F. Dujardin. Observations sur les Sponges. Annales des Sciences 

 Naturelles, Tom X., 1838, p. 5. 



(3S ) T. Laurent. Recherclies sur la Spongillefluviatile. Comptes rendus. 

 Tome. XL, 1840, p. 1048. 



(39.) W. Dobie. Note on the observation oj cilia in Grantia. 

 1S32. Vol, X., p. 317. 

 9 



