130 A MONOGRAPH OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPONGES. 



Microscope very clearly in the discovery of all the minute details 

 in the anatomy of our animals. 



In 1856, Lieberkiihn (40) published an excellent paper on the 

 development of spongilla. Afterwards Carter (41) wrote on the 

 same subject, and without being acquainted with Lieberkiihn's 

 paper, arrived at nearly identical results. 



Bowerbank (42) drew in 1858, attention to the great variety or 

 the siliceous spicules in shape, particularly those anchorate and 

 stellate forms, which we find in some of the siliceous sponges 

 (Stelletta O.S., Ancorina O.S., &c.) He, as Grant had done 

 before him, considered at that time the shape of the spicules as 

 the principal thing to be considered in classifying the sponges. 

 We shall find that he afterwards abandoned that idea to some 

 extent, but that the recent researches of Zittel on fossil sponges 

 show the correctness of it. 



Lieberkiihn (43) extended his observation to the marine 

 sponges, and published in 1859, an excellent paper on their 

 anatomy. He describes the canal system and the ciliated chambers, 

 which, as we shall see, are peculiar and all important to the 

 sponges. 



Carter (44) arrived at the same time at very different results. 

 He states that the ciliated chambers are not chambers as described 

 by Lieberkiihn, but solid masses of cells which bear cilia on their 

 external surface, and he points out their similarity to Volvox. 

 In another paper (45) he dwells on the similarity of thegemmuke 

 of Spongilla, to the winter ova of many simple algae ; and states 

 that they contain starch granules. 



(40.) N. Lieberkiihn. Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Spongillen. 

 Miillers Archiv., 1856. 



(41.) H. Carter. On the ultimate structure of Spongilla, Ann. Mag. 

 Vol. XX. (1857), p. 21. 



(42.) Bowerbank. On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongida. 

 Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol 148, p. 279. 



(43.) Lieberkiihn. A'twe Beitrage zur Anatomic der Spongien. Archiv. 

 fiir Anatomie und Physiologie, 1859. 



(44.) Carter. Ann. Mag., Vol. III. (1859), page 12. 



(45.) Carter. Ann. Mag., (1859), Vol. III., p. 331. 



