B¥ DR. R. VON LENDENFELD. 141 



Spongozoa, he observed that they copulated like Difflugia, and in 

 this way sexual multiplication was attained. The embryos formed 

 by the conjugation of two Spongozoa are developed in the canals. 

 He observed (I.e.) that carmine particles were absorbed by the 

 Spongozoa and digested by them, which he takes as a proof that 

 these cells are really animals kut i^oxf}v. According to that the 

 epithelium of the intestine of higher animals which also absorbs 

 carmine must likewise be considered as a colony of many separate 

 animals. He comes to the conclusion that the ciliated chambers 

 are more like Ascidians than Polyps. At the conclusion of 

 another paper (98) he gives his view on the subject in the 

 following words: — "The Spongozoan must, ipso Jacto, be con- 

 sidered the expression of the sponge, in so far, that it represents 

 the stomach and the generative apparatus, aided by the rest of the 

 body, which thus becomes analogous to such accessories in the 

 highest animals, although the plurality of Spongozoa scattered 

 through the mass may more nearly resemble in this respect the 

 flower buds of plant, such then appears to be the nature of a 

 sponge." 



Paleontology. 



After our knowledge of the fossil sponges had been gi'eatly 

 increased by Goldfuss (99), de Blainville (100), made the first 

 attempt to unite the fossil and recent sponges in one classificatory 

 system. 



Toulmain Smith (101) published in 1848, an excellent mono- 

 gragh of the cretacious Ventriculites. He describes the spicules 

 very accurately. Regarding the systematic position of those 

 Ventriculites he made a mistake. He declares them to be 

 Polyzoa. 



(98). H. Carter. On the nature of the side-like body of Sponqilla &c. 

 Ann. Mag., Vol. XIV., p. 97. 



(99). G. Goldfuss. Petrefacta Germanics. Diisseldorf, 1826-1833. 



(100). M. De Blainville. Article Eponge. Dietionnaire des Sciences 

 Naturelles, 1819, Vol. XV. 



(101). Toulmain Smith. On the Ventriculidce of the chalk. Ann. Mag 

 Vol. XX., (1847), p. 73. S 



