BY DR. R. VON LENDENFELD. 145 



Veiy different from this is Carter's (115) classificatory system. 

 He divides the sponges, according to the structure of their 

 skeleton, into 8 orders : — 



I. Cccrnosa, without evident skeleton. 



II. Ceratiaa. Possessing a skeleton composed of horny fibre, 



with a granular, chiefly hollow core, containing for the 

 most part no foreign bodies. 



III. Psammonemata. Possessing a skeleton composed of 

 solid fibre, more or less cored with foreign bodies. 



IV. Rcvphidon&mata. Possessing a skeleton composed of 

 horny fibre, with a core of proper spicules. 



V. Echinonemata. Possessing a skeleton composed of horny 



fibre, cored with proper spicules internally, and echinated 

 with proper spicules externally, 

 YI. Holorlia-phidata. Possessing a skeleton, whose fibre is 

 almost entirely composed of proper spicules, bound 

 together by a minimum sarcode. 



VII. Hexactinellida. Possessing a skeleton composed of 

 hexactinellid spicules. 



VIII. Calcarea. Possessing a skeleton composed of calcareous 

 spicules. 



Of Bowerbank's Monograph the third volume (116) appeared 

 in 1874, in which new species are described, and some of O. 

 Schmidt's sponges are compared with the author's descriptions. 



In another series of papers (117) he describes a number of new 

 species from all parts of the world. A great many of these are 

 Australian. 



(115). H. Carter. Notes introductory to the study and classification of 

 Spongida. Ann. Mag. (Series 4), Vol. XVI., pp. 126, 127. 



(116). J. Bowerbank. A Monograph of the British Spongidce. Vol. 

 III., P^ay. Soc, London, 1874. 



(117 J. J. Bowerbank. Contributions to the general history of the Spongidai. 

 Proc. Zool. Soc,. Vol. 1S72, p. 115 ; 1872, p. 156 ; 1872, p. 626 ; 1S73, p. 3 ; 

 1873, p. 319 ; 1874, p. 298 ; 1875, p. 281 ; 1876, p. 76S. 

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