BY DR. R. VON LENDENFELD. 153 



He (165), Carter (166), Metschnikoff (167), and Keller (168), 

 and others dwell on the formation of the spicules. 



Palaeontology. 



The older ideas about the fossil sponges were partly reformed 

 and partly done away with by Zittel, who made a new classifi- 

 cation, and whose essays deserve equal praise for the quantity of 

 new forms discovered and the accuracy of their description, as 

 also for the brilliant deductions concerning the Phylogeny or 

 classification of sponges derived therefrom (169.) 



A great many new forms were described by Duncan (170), 

 Sinzow (171), Carter (172), Hinde (173). Wallich (174), Sollas 

 (175), and others. 



(165.) F. E. Schulze. Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Spongien, 

 die Plakiniden. Z.f.w.Z. Band, XXXIV., Seite 417, 



(166.1 H. Carter. Development of the Marine Sponges. Ann. Mag., Vol. 

 XIV., 321, p. 389. 



(167.) E. Metschnikoff. Spongiologischc Studien..Z f.w.Z. Band, XXXII., 

 Seite, 349. 



168.) C. Keller. Studien uber Organisation und Entwickelung der Chalineen. 

 Z.f,w.Z. Band, XXXIII , Seite, 317. 



(169). R. Zittel. Ueber Cce'optychium, etc. Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Band, 

 XII., p- 3, 8eite 1. Studien uber Jossile Spongien. Ibid. I., XIII., 1 ; Ibid. 

 II., XIII., 1, 65; Ibid. III., XIII., 2, 91. 



(170). M. Duncan. On some spheroidal Lithistid Spongida from the upper 

 Silurian formation of New Brunsivick. Ann Mag. (5) Vol. IV., p. 84, 91. 

 On a lithistid Sponge and on a form of Aphrocallistes. Journ. Lin. Soc, 

 London Zool, Vol. XV., p. 320. 



(171). T. Sinzow. Ueber Kreideschwdmme des Paratowschen Gouvernements. 

 Denkschr. d. neuruss Ges., 6, Band, 1. 



(172). H. Carter. On Holasterella, a Fossil sponge of the Carboniferous 

 Era, and on the Hemiastrella, a new genus of recent sponge. Ann. Mag. 

 (Series 5), Vol. III., p. 141. 



(173). G. Hinde. Fossil Sponge Spicules from the TJppjer Chalk. Munich, 

 18S0. 



(174). G. Wallich. A Contribution to the Physical History of the Creta- 

 ceous Flints. 



(175). T. Sollas. On the structure and affinities of the Genus Protospongia. 

 Salter. Ann. Mag. (5). Vol. V.. p. 23S. On the Flint Nodules of the 

 Trimingham Chalk. Ann. Mag. (5). Vol. V., 3S4, p. 437. 



