Notes on some Bushman Crania and Bones. 229 



Eastern Bantu-speaking Peoples. 



Kaffirs. Zulus. Anyanja. Angori. 73. (Shrubsall, J. 

 Anth. Inst., vol. xxviii.) 

 Western Bantu- speaking Peoples. 



From the district between the Rio del Rey and the Congo. 77. 

 ? Hamitic Peoples. 



Predynastic Ancient Egyptians. 224. (Thomson and Maclver, 



" The Ancient Races of the Thebaid. ') 

 Masai. 6. (Reinecke, Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Bd. xxv.) 



The study of any series of skulls is usually commenced by a 

 process of inspection. It is necessary that each skull should be 

 placed in the same position during the examination, or the com- 

 parisons may be inaccurate. The most usually adopted positions 

 are the French or German horizontal orientation. In the French 

 method the skull is so orientated that the occipital condyles and 

 the mid-point of the alveolus of the upper jaw are in the same 

 horizontal plane. In the German system the skull is so placed that 

 a line from the inferior margin of the orbit to the superior margin of 

 the external auditory meatus on either side is accurately horizontal. 

 This corresponds closely, but not quite exactly, with the plane of the 

 visual axis. Arthur Thomson and Randall Maclver, of Oxford, 

 found the angle made by the basi-nasal line with the horizontal in 

 skulls orientated according to the German or Frankfort-Munich 

 plane varied from 22° to 34°, and recommended that skulls 

 should be orientated for examination in such a manner that the 

 basi-nasal line always makes an angle of 27° with the horizon. 

 (" The Ancient Races of the Thebaid," p. 37.) The Frankfort- 

 Munich plane has been employed for the study of the skulls described 

 in the present paper. 



The skull once orientated is looked at from above, front, behind, 

 below, and the side ; these positions being distinguished by the 

 terms Norma Verticalis, Norma Facialis, Norma Occipitalis, Norma 

 Basilaris, and Norma Lateralis respectively. 



Viewed in norma verticalis both Bushman and Strandlooper 

 skulls present a fairly uniform oval appearance with some slight 

 narrowing in the anterior temporal region, as had well-developed 

 fi'ontal and parietal eminences. In the majority of skulls, which 

 are, therefore, termed cryptozygous, the zygomatic processes are not 

 seen in this norma. This feature is more noticeable among the 

 Strandlooper group than among the collection of crania from the 

 interior districts. 



