230 Annals of the South African Museum. 



The coronal, sagittal, and lamboid sutures are remai-kably simple 

 and wormian bones rare. Many crania, more especially those of 

 females, exhibit the phenomenon of stenocrotaphy, or a narrowness 

 in' the region of the pterion or posterior point of the parieto-sphenoid 

 suture accompanied by greater breadth at the stephanion or point of 

 intersection of the coronal suture and the temporal ridge. 



In norma occipitalis the crania present a pentagonal appearance 

 from the prominence of the parietal eminences, the mastoid pro- 

 cesses are small, the conceptaculae cerebelli full, so that when placed 

 on a table many skulls rest posteriorly on these rather than on the 

 occipital condyles. The vertex is often flattened though sometimes 

 rounded off in a wide curve. The sides are flattened in about half 

 the total number of Bushman crania examined. 



In norma lateralis the most prominent features are the fulness of 

 the forehead, the forward projection of the malar or cheek-bones, 

 and the want of prominence of the nasal bones which lead to the 

 appearance of great flattening of the face as a whole. The alveolar 

 border of the maxilla projects but little, the incisor teeth are set 

 vertically in their sockets, and the chin in the majority of cases is 

 weak and receding. The sigmoid curve between the coronoid and 

 condyloid processes of the mandible is very shallow. This feature 

 is characteristic of the dwarf races of Africa. The temporal fossae 

 are ill-filled ; that is, the temporal bone is separated by a well-marked 

 groove, or gutter, from the lateral surface of the frontal bone which 

 projects outwards into the fossa. The mastoid processes are small 

 but present posteriorly well-marked digastric grooves, and are 

 l)ounded above by a deep groove running downwards and forwards 

 from the posterior separation of the linese temporales across the 

 squamosal bone, and thus render the m.astoid processes more con- 

 spicuous than would have been anticipated from their actual 

 dimensions. This prominent supra-mastoid groove is a distinctive 

 feature of Bushman-Hottentot skulls. The sutures seen in this 

 norma are quite simple, and in only one case in the whole series of 

 Bush crania I have examined was there a fronto-squamosal instead 

 of a parieto-sphenoid articulation at the pterion. 



The norma facialis is characterised by a broad, full forehead, 

 prominent external angular processes rendered yet more conspicuous 

 by a slight depression on- the bone above and internal to them, 

 comparatively large and forwardly projecting ixialar bones, a broad 

 depressed nose and a receding chin. The orbits are broad with 

 strong box'ders and a wide inter-orbital space due to a flattening and 

 widening of the ascending processes of the maxillae, which in these 



