160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [1885. 



coinciding with the main direction of the kame, the latter is apt 

 to keep in it. Prof, Stone states that these long ridges are 

 homologous with the Scandinavian Osars, rather than with the 

 short ridges classed as kames. 



In other parts of New England, kames have been described by 

 several authors. In New Hampshire, Prof. C. H. Hitchcock and 

 M i . Warren Upham have made noteworthy contributions to this 

 subject. In vol. iii of the New Hampshire Geological Survey, 

 Mr. Upham has contributed a valuable chapter on surface deposits, 

 among which the most important are the numerous kames. One 

 of these, described by Mr. Upham as occupying the valley of the 

 Connecticut River, has subsequently been studied by Prof. Dana, 

 who believes ' that it is merely a portion of the terrace formation 

 in that valley, and that the name of kame should not properly be 

 applied to it. Prof. Hitchcock, 2 however, has subsequently 

 examined a critical localit}' in the Connecticut Valley, and finds 

 the arched kame-gravel dipping beneath a horizontal terrace- 

 loam, thus showing the greater age and different origin of the 

 kame, and supporting Mr. Upham 's views. 



Prof. J. S. Newberry 3 and Prof. N. H. Winchell have described 

 kames in Ohio, where they are known locally as "hog-backs.' 

 Prof. Newberry at that time regarded them as due to the action 

 of breakers and shorewaves at a period when the region was sub- 

 merged under an inland fresh-water lake. Kames and kame-like 

 ridges have also been described in Michigan and in Minnesota. 

 In Canada, Sir William Dawson 4 has described certain ridges 

 known as " Boar's-backs " and " Horse-backs," which he regards 

 as eskers. One of these, in Cumberland, is a narrow ridge, so 

 level on top that it forms a natural carriage-road for eight miles; 

 another one, in Shelburne County, is a long ridge, also used as a 

 carriage-road; while shorter and more interrupted ridges occur in 

 a number of places. Sir William Dawson remarks that they bear 

 no resemblance to glacial moraines, and believes that they were 

 thrown up by " the surf or marine currents and tides." Prof. T. 

 C. Chamberlin ■"' has given an excellent description of kames 



1 Am. Jour. Be, xxii, 451, 1881. 



2 Proc. Am. Assn. Adv. Be., \\\i. 325, 1882. 



3 Geol. Surv. of Ohio. vol. ii. p. 41-47. 



* Notes <>ii the Post-Pliocene < leol. of < 'anada, ls?2. p. 40. 

 Hillocks of angular gravel and disturbed stratification. Amor. Jour. 

 Sc, xxvii, 1884, p. 378. 



