x893. RESEARCHES ON INSECT ANATOMY. 119 



numerous than in the butterfly or moth. Also an arrangement of 

 parallel or forked nervures in the pupa becomes in the imago 

 a neuration with transverse branches forming "cells." Spuler 

 divides the insect-wing into two regions, a smaller " folding part," 

 comprising two or three nervures near the inner margin, and a 

 larger " spreading-part," comprising the rest of the wing-area. 



In a later paper (7) he applies these results to a special group, 

 the Papilionidae. The genus Thais is believed to represent the 

 ancestral form of the family whence the Parnassii have diverged in 

 one direction and the various species of Papilio in the other, A 

 "genealogical tree " is given, showing the supposed relationships of 

 these to each other and to their ancestral stock. Those who have 

 experience of such " trees," will not be surprised that the lines of 

 descent often differ from those indicated by Einier in his well-known 

 work (8). Nevertheless, the object of natural history research is to 

 discover the natural relationship between living creatures, and such 

 speculations, though they can never be final, are full of interest. 

 The arrangement of the nervures on a butterfly's wing becomes a 

 subject of real importance in the light of the doctrine of descent. 



REFERENCES. 



1. Leon, N. — Labialtaster bei den Hemipteren. Zool. Anz., vol. xv., pp. 145-6. 



(1892). 



2. Miiggenburg, F. H. — Der Riissel der Diptera pupipara. Arch.fur Naturgesch., 



Iviii. jahrg., vol. i., pp. 287-332, pis. xv., xvi. (1892). 



3. Adelung, N. von. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss des tibialen Gehorapparates der 



Locustiden. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. liv., pp. 316-349, pis. xiv., xv. (1892). 



4. Graber, Y. — Die Chordotonalen Sinnesorgane und das Gehor der Insekten. 



Arch^ Mikr. Anat., vol. xx. (1882). 



5. HofFbauer, C. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenfliigel. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., 



vol. liv., pp. 579-630, pi. xxvi., xxvii. (1S92). 



6. Spuler, A. — Zur Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Fliigelgeaders der Schmetter 



linge. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. liii., pp. 597-646, pis. xxv., xxvi. (1892). 



7. . — Zur Stammesgeschichte der Papilioniden. Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., pp. 



465-498, pis. xxii., xxiii. (1892). 



8. Eimer, G. H. T. — Die Artbildung und Vervvandtschaft bei den Schmetter- 



lingen. Jena, 1889. 



George H. Carpenter. 



