181 



grandis, Seem., tliat the whole of tlie leaflets seem to be joined up 

 to form one tleeply furrowed leaf, having a very strongly-toothed 

 margin. Other species of the same genus L. peltata, Eoxb., for 

 example are divi(l(>d almost to the base, producing furrowed leaf- 

 lets which arc very broad and strongly toothed at tlie apex, narrow- 

 ing to the l)ase, giving them almost a triangular sha])e. Good 

 examples of fan-leaves are found in Thrxna.v and Livisfona in whicli 

 they are divided from | to ^ the length of the leaf. This is the 

 general type of fan-])alm. 



In the pinnate section the angle whicli the leaflet forms with 

 the leaf-rachis varies considerably. For instance in Arcliontophoe- 

 nix, and Ci/iiosiachi/s, the leaflet is placed more or less at right 

 angles to the rachis forming a fairly flat-leaf. On the other h^and 

 in EhopdlohlaMe and Oncosprnim, the angle is much greater giving- 

 a drooping a])pearance which is very attractive. The leaflets are 

 generally arranged in two rows one each side the rachis, and as they. 

 are more or less opposite, the\ ]jroduce a flat leaf. This is the 

 general arrangement for pinnate-leaved ])alms. A departure from 

 this method is found in some species, as for instance in Raphia 

 Ilookeri, M. and W.. Here the leaflets appear to be arranged in 

 four rows, two eacli side of the rachis. This is due to their being- 

 placed at diff'erent angles. The two bottom rows, one each side 

 of the rachis, consist of alternate tv\'os or threes ])laced at the usual 

 angle, while the two u])])er rows, are tlie remaining leaflets placed 

 at a very mucli more acute angle, thus giving the api)earance of 

 four rows, whereas in reality there are Imt two. This arrangement 

 gives a very different appearance to this type of jjailni, and one fine 

 specimen in the gardens makes a noble-looking plant. Another 

 very distinctive form is that of Carijoia iiren.s, L. In this species 

 the leaves are bipinnate or decompound, quite an nnusual form in 

 the palm-family. In fact this ])lant ap])ears more like a gigantic 

 tree-fern. One other genus should lie mentioned, namely, Mtirti- 

 nezia from America. In .1/. ain/otaefolia, H. B. K., the leaflets, 

 Avhich are of peculiar shape, are placed at intervals in tlirees and 

 fours on the rachis, the spaces lietween being clothed witli very 

 sharp spines. 



T'lie ])etioles of several sjiecies are armed with spines. When 

 allied witli spiny stems they form a very formidalile barrier in the 

 jungle. Mention has lieen made of the spiny leaf-rachis of Marti- 

 n-ezia, this plant has also a very spiny stem. The same combination^ 

 is found in Oncosppfnin horrida, Scheff'., though the leaf-rachis of 

 this species is not so s})iny as that of Mariinezia. Many palms 

 have spines on the pctioh' oidv, such as Livisiona, and Elaeis. 



Tlie stems and leaves of ('dhiiiius. and Korfhalsm, are generally 

 provided Avith numerous recurved spines, and the leaf rachis is 

 often produced into a barbed, whip-like structure. 'These si)ines 

 Avdiich are reflexed enable the ])lants to climb over the surrounding 

 shrubs and to the tops of the highest trees. 



The many difl'erent ])ositions assumed In' tlie leaves are often 

 taken u]) to protect the ]>lants from the ett'ects of too intensive 



