267 



gales, from which was well sheltered the bay between the W'aia- 

 nae and Koolau mountains. 



Of the cause of subsidence of volcanic islands, which seem to 

 be very general in their history, I know of no theory except that 

 their weight tends gradually to press down the earth's crust. 



How Oahu came later to undergo a slight elevation, seems to 

 me attributable to some influence of a widespread disturbance of 

 equilibrium of land and sea attendant upon the retiring of the ice- 

 cap at the close of the last glacial period. Such disturbance is 

 farther indicated by the brief explosions about the same date 

 of the series of tuff cones along the southern coast of Oahu, in- 

 cluding Salt Lake. Diamond Head, Koko crater, and others. 

 Artesian borings establish the fact that Punchbowl was thrown 

 up before the elevation of the reef, and the rain of black sand 

 (volcanic ashes) covering Honolulu after that elevation. Quite 

 certainly Diamond Head came after the reef was elevated. 



I should tentatively guess the age of that elevation to have 

 been 12,000 or 15,000 years ago. 



Dr. Dall of A\'ashington, observing the shells found in the 

 ancient coral of our reefs, assigned them to the later Tertiary. 



I should guess the age of our Koolau range to be much beyond 

 one million years, and Waianae to be 50 per cent older. The 

 coral reef may have begun to accumulate before the lavas ceased 

 to flow, although most of it must be later than the extinction of 

 the volcanic activity. 



This sketch of the subject has perhaps unduly extended itself. 

 Thanking you for calling forth the enjoyment experienced in 

 writing it, I remain, 



Most sincerely yours, 



Sereno E. Bishop. 



AYRSHIRE CHAMPION. 



Lily of \\'illowmoor, 22269, bred and owned by J. W. Clise, 

 Rednijond, ^^'ashington, has just finished her fifth consecutive 

 official record for advanced registry, making a cumulative record 

 of 84,991 lbs. of milk, and 3362.35 lbs. of fat with 3.84% fat 

 average for the five years, making her the five-year champion of 

 the breed. 



This record is worthy of study, in that it shows to a remark- 

 able degree the staving qualitv of the Ayrshire cow. Giving an 

 average of 16.991 'lbs. of milk and 672.47 lbs. of fat for five 

 years, she now stands in first place as a long term cow. 



She is due to freshen October 12. and had she not been bred 

 to calve within the cumulative requirement she would undoubt- 

 edly have again led the world's Ayrshire record for a single year, 

 as her record under these conditions is only 426 lbs. of milk less 



